Irreversible Cell Injuries

Another word used to describe a heart attack is myocardial infarction, cardiac infarction and coronary thrombosis. A heart attack is the death of a part of the heart caused by the loss of blood supply. The blood supply is usually gone due to a coronary artery being blocked by a blood clot. When a part of a heart artery breaks a blood clot forms around the piece. This blood clot can block the blood flow through the heart muscle. When the heart muscle needs oxygen it is called ischemia. When damage of a part of the heart muscle happens it’s called a heart attack. During a heart attack damage occurs depending on the size of the area blocked by the blood clot as well as the time between the actual heart attack and the treatment. Even though the heart may be hurt, the rest of the organs work with no problems. However, it will not pump as much blood as it used to in order to supply the same amount of blood to all of the parts of the body.

e) Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction is a heart attack. “Myocardial infarction occurs when blood supply to a part of the myocardium is interrupted. This can be caused by a lack of blood flow, obstruction by a clot, or a rupture of plaque build up.”

A heart attack occurs when an artery that supplies blood to the heart becomes blocked. The loss of oxygen and nutrients damage the heart's muscle tissue, causing the remaining healthy tissue to pump even harder to keep up.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) is more commonly referred as the heart attack. This typically occurs due to an interruption, albeit partial to some part of the heart, which causes the cells in the heart to die and as a result sends

     Heart attack occurs when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks a diseased coronary artery, resulting in the death of the heart muscle cells supplied by that artery. Coronary and Coronary Thrombosis 2 are terms that can refer to a heart attack. Another term, Acute Myocardial Infarction 2, means death of heart muscle due to an inadequate blood supply.

Cellular hypoxemia is resultant of inadequate amounts of oxygen being delivered to the cells or the inability of the cells to use the oxygen. This can be caused by ischemia, respiratory disease, vasoconstriction, vascular obstruction, edema, or anemia. Hypoxemia may result in power failure in the cell resulting in cell death. As the oxygen tension in the cell increases, anaerobic metabolism begins building up lactic acid and reducing pH levels causing biochemical reactions, chromatin clumping, and cell shrinkage. The leakage of intracellular enzymes into extracellular fluid is an indicator of cell injury or death (Grossman & Mattson Porth, 2014). This is evident with the edema Maria is

This is also called ischemia. It may be chronic, caused by narrowing of the coronary artery and limitation of the blood supply to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden plaque that ruptures (American Heart Association)”.

(CASA, 2008). On June 19, 1986 Len Bias, a top-notch NBA draft pick was found dead of a crack cocaine overdose. His death prompted media turmoil and it was not long before the authorities came to realize that cocaine was accessible to black people in the form of “crack cocaine.” In a matter of weeks, Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. As a result of the Act, mandatory minimum sentencing for precise amounts of cocaine was enacted. Simultaneously, law-makers established tougher sentences for crack cocaine but not for powder

A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, usually occurs when a blood clot forms inside a coronary artery at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque. The blood clot severely limits or completely cuts off blood flow to part of the heart. In a small percentage of cases, blood flow is cut off when the muscles in the artery wall contract suddenly, constricting the artery. This constriction, called vasospasm, can occur in an artery that is only slightly narrowed by atherosclerosis or even in a healthy artery. Regardless of the cause of a heart attack, the oxygen deprivation is so severe and prolonged that heart muscle cells begin to die for lack of oxygen. About 1.1 million people in the United States have a heart attack every year;

The processes that take place in the human body is quite amazing especially regarding cell injury. Throughout our lives the body cells continuously experience injury and repair and this is quite a fascinating subject to explore. The big question is what causes these injuries to the cells and what happens to it when it reaches a state of irreparability. All cells in our body sometimes experience stress which can be ranging from mild to severe and thus consequently ending in the injury to the cell.

Through the lifetime, cells in our bodies get damaged and die. The damaged cells need to be replaced to help our bodies continue functioning. Thus, it makes the cell cycle a very important function that makes cells replicate themselves. The cell cycle is controlled and regulated by checkpoints in the end of G1, G2 and during Metaphase in M.

Mr. Smith suffered from a heart attack also known as a myocardial infarction. The pathological process of the myocardial infarction includes, an injury consisting of decreased oxygenation to the cells of the heart also known as ischemia. This injury is known as a hypoxic injury and occurs from a clot obstructing or narrowing of the coronary arteries which in turn decreases or occludes the blood and oxygen flow to the heart (McCance & Huether, 2014). A hypoxic injury occurs quickly and requires only minutes to damage the heart muscle or myocardium causing death to its cells. The cells are unable to maintain homeostasis and as a result of hypoxia or anoxia the cell is no longer able to produce adenosine triphosphate secondary to decrease in the mitochondrial creating the need for anaerobic metabolism to the point of cellular death

Some of the major morphological changes that occur with necrosis include cell swelling; formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles; distended endoplasmic reticulum; formation of cytoplasmic blebs; condensed, swollen or ruptured mitochondria; disaggregation and detachment of ribosomes; disrupted organelle membranes; swollen and ruptured lysosomes; and eventually disruption of the cell membrane. This loss of cell membrane results in the release of the cytoplasmic contents into the surrounding tissue, sending chemotatic signals with eventual recruitment of inflammatory cells. Because apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into the surrounding tissue and are quickly phagocytosed by macrophages or normal cells, there is essentially no inflammatory reaction. It is also important to note that pyknosis and karyorrhexis are not exclusive to apoptosis (Kurosaka et al., 2003).

The process of collecting shed blood, its processing and readministration has been termed cell salvage, autotransfusion, intraoperative blood recovery, as well as cell saving. For the purpose of this chapter, the term cell salvage will be used. Cell salvage can take place either in the intraoperative period or in the postoperative period. Salvage can also involve washing of the collected blood or it can be simply readministered with microaggregate filtration.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells and living tissue. Though necrosis is being researched as a possible form of programmed cell death, it is considered an "unprogrammed" cell death process at this time.