Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis

Stanley Miller started the idea that life could have started when carbon and other ingredients combined. He assembled a contraption made out of flasks and tombs in the lab. He fill one flask with gases to represent Earth's primitive atmosphere and connected that to another flask with water to represent the ocean. He put an electric charge through that.simulated lightning going through early atmosphere. After a couple of day, all this brown goo all over the reaction vessel. He said, now he had amino acids in the vessel. Amino acids are compounds that are form when carbon and other elements linked together. They are building block of protiens and cell, which were vital ingredients of all living things. His experiment showed that life can be formed in the harsh condition of early earth.

By the time Pasteur was doing his researches, there was an accepted theory based on spontaneous generation. This spontaneous generation would happen without the hand of God, or else, here was exposed the enigma of life’s origin. He relied on this work and moved on to keep on searching for more evidences.

Our world has changed dramatically since the day Antoine van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms in 1676 using a simple microscope. In early days, scientists first thought life arose from inanimate materials. This theory, known as abiogenesis or spontaneous generation, was disproved later on by scientists including Lazarro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur. The experiments conducted by these scientists showed that living things could only arise from preexisting life, or biogenesis. All life begins with a living cell, composing of five required components. These components are DNA, RNA, cell membrane, ribosome, and cytoplasm. As more investigations on bacteria were conducted, scientists were able to acquire a deeper knowledge of the microbiology and pathology of animals, plants, and humans.

Crick and Watson discovered that all organisms have a specific chemical code that codes for its own cells, this was DNA.

Although early Earth was hostile, it provided a great environment for the production of organic molecules. Events such as lightning, volcanic eruptions, meteorites, radioactivity in the Earth’s crust, and the easy access of ultraviolet light, are thought to have provided the energy for these molecules to produce. Therefore, the conditions of early Earth were critical in the commencing of the first organic molecules.

13.7 billion Years ago the big bang occurred and generated all the stars and planets we now know as “space” over time many planets took form after creating many elements that are essential for life to survive such as Hydrogen and Oxygen. 9.1 billion years passed and a planet known as earth started to form from an exploded solar nebula and this explosion created so much energy that it created a red hot planet that the proceeded to cool and created a thin layer of “earth” also known as crust. After 1 billion years of the earth rapidly heating and cooling life first appeared as the form of bacteria such as Prokaryotes that soon evolved into multi cell organisms such as Primitive metazoans after millions of years many processes of Evolution occurred such as Mutations and Natural selection.

It is not known how life came to be on the earth, but it is proven that it has evolved over time, and life is unified by a common ancestor. In the 1920s, a hypothesis was created by scientists Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane, that predicted that the first life forms were formed in an acidic primordial sea. Oparin believed that a string of of chemical reactions within an aquatic environment had led to the formation of coacervates. Coacervates are aggregates of organic polymers that have life like characteristics, but are not alive. When Oparin created coacervates, he used a couple different solutions of macromolecules to form these aggregates, and he discovered that the coacervates had a selectively permeable membrane.

In Time Magazine an article states On February 28 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick broke the DNA code and discovered that the DNA strand is double helix and forms like a ladder. They found that cytosine and guanine were paired together and that adenine and thymine were paired. They discovered the building block of life (Wright, 1999). DNA is found in all living organisms.

Things looked hopefully for France for a while; Louis Philippe appeared to be the king the people had always wanted, but like a bitter cliche it wasn’t meant to last and lead to yet another revolution of freedom from a monarchy. Although Louis accepted the Constitutional Charter of 1814 and the flag of the French Revolution, he ignored the calls for reform that the revolution had wanted all along. “Republican, democrats, social reformers, and the poor of Paris were bitterly disappointed. They had made a revolution, but it seem for naught.”(706) Louis was becoming France's’ worst nightmare: he let the wealthy elites do anything they wanted and so nothing was getting done, plus corruption also prevented any reforms from passing and the common

Earth as known today is just temporally. The planet is always changing and once it was far different than it is now, it was an extreme habitat when life first appeared. The first fossil confirming life existence dates from 3.5 billion years ago [8]. However, the characteristics of this fossil indicate it was an organism reasonably evolved, suggesting that life appeared much prior in time. Even at present days is still hard to determine when the first life form appeared on Earth, since rocks older than approximately 3.5 Ga have been

This theory was presented by Gunter Wachtershauser in the 1988.He suggested that a biochemical cycle grew and built the first living cell by the reason of bacteria booming in the environment which acts as a mix between hot and cool sea water. The bacteria bloom on the gases and use the chemicals to create organic molecules, His claim was that iron salt and hydrogen sulfide from the hydrothermal vents produced pyrite. Then,”Simple compounds will accumulate on the surface of the pyrite and molecules such as CO and organic acids and sugars will also accumulate on the surface. In this way, the system does not use any cellular components and starts from a compound - pyrite - which was abundant in early Earth's oceans” Other Scientists gave evidence on this theory such as accumulation of amino acids on pyrite

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis states that life began in water (pond, ocean, ect.). It suggests that chemicals from the Earth's atmosphere combined and this created amino acids. These amino acids would later evolve into all the species. A. I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane fabricated this theory. The theory was presented in 1924. In 1953 an experiment was conducted called the “Miller–Urey experiment”. The experiment based around placing molecules (of the early Earth's atmosphere) into a closed system. Gasses and electric shocks were added in the system to simulate the environment of the early earth. After a week about 15% of the molecules were now organic and 2% were in the form of amino acids. This evidence supports the theory of Primordial Soup.

There are many hypotheses about the formation of a primitive terrestrial environment. These hypotheses explain the origin of biomolecules including amino acids, purines, sugars, and many more. These hypotheses verify the creation of molecules through these various processes.

One of the main theories is that life started by chemical means in a rock where water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen were all present then with the added effect of lightening simple organic molecules formed the building blocks of life. There was an experiment that was conducted in 1953 by Miller and Urey that supports that the conditions above could stimulate organic compounds to form. *copied “ The Miller-Urey experiment attempts to recreate the chemical conditions of the primitive Earth in the laboratory, and synthesized some of the building blocks of life.

Aristotle, a famous philosopher, believed in the notion of spontaneous generation, the idea that life could arise from inanimate objects. Louis Pasteur famously dispelled this theory, when he showed that organisms will only arise if the parental species is initially present in a closed system. However, this conclusion relates to the generation of new organisms from parental ones, not the origin of life itself. The first “organism” had no “parental” species, therefore the organism had to have originated from non-living matter. Stanley L. Miller kick-started the study of the origin of life with his famous 1953 “prebiotic soup” experiment in which he took a mixture of reduced gases – believed to represent the atmospheric conditions on primordial Earth – and reacted them together in a spark discharge apparatus. The results were surprising, with a mixture of biochemically relevant organic molecules spontaneously being formed, including amino acids – an essential building block of life. Miller’s results showed that organic molecules could be generated from inorganic ones, a finding that inspired the modern era of understanding the origin of life and challenged common perceptions. Now, in the dawn of the 20th century, there are two main theories that dominate the field, the “metabolism first” theory and the “RNA world” theory.