Intraoperative Brain Mapping

Patients can become hypertensive during induction, positioning, or tumor resection (12). Chronic catecholamine excess causes volume contraction and patients can become severely hypotensive, as in this case, if adequate volume resuscitation is not performed (12). It is prudent to evaluate for adverse events following hypertensive and hypotensive episodes. Serial neurological evaluations, CT brain, electrocardiograms, or serial cardiac enzymes may be warranted. Complications of surgery are primarily due to severe preoperative hypertension, high secretion tumors, or repeat intervention for recurrence (13). In one study, adverse perioperative events occurred in 32 percent of cases (14). The most common adverse event was sustained hypertension in 25 percent of the patients. There were no perioperative deaths, myocardial infarctions, or cerebrovascular events. Despite premedication of most patients with phenoxybenzamine and a beta-blocker, varying degrees of intraoperative hemodynamic lability occurred

Longaker was able to prove that the fetal environment in which cells reside in does not necessarily contribute to wound regeneration as a transplant of adult sheep skin was placed into the dorsa of fetal lamb and scaring was still witnessed at the site of injury (Walmsley). The paper scrapes the very surface of what is known about scar regeneration, looking at the approaches that are currently available: pharmaceutical methods, genetic targets, and dermal substitutes. The genetic approach seems to be logical in terms of identifying what proteins creates scar tissue and selecting these candidates as ideal targets. One would inhibit them as to eliminate the formation of scar tissue. A question that comes up from what is described within molecular therapies for scarring is that studies that have been executed do not necessarily translate to humans. Dr. Longaker has shown that it is not exactly the fetal environment that gives way to tissue regeneration, but something else. If there are studies stating that certain animal pathways are not exactly parallel to those in humans, then that brings up the question that fetal environment could still possibly be an answer to scar regeneration. It is also ideal to

1. Joseph Lazaroff is diagnosed with a tumor and preparing for surgery. Cancer has spread throughout his body. The doctors provided him with two options: i.) spinal surgery or ii.) hospice care.

The patient wakes up after few minutes of the procedure with some dizziness (anesthetic effects) and becomes alert after few hours and can resume normal activities.

When the problem of epileptic seizures occurs within a person, an option with dealing with it is known as Split Brain Surgery. Albeit, it is a very drastic option.

Although the physiology and function is somewhat different in rodents and human spinal cords there are many biological functions that are conserved in vertebrate animals (2). In many spinal cord injuries, rat models are employed to study cell death, inflammation, and regeneration (2). In surgical modeling, recapitulating the physiology is important to insure surgical techniques can be employed across species. Non-human primates contain spinal cords that are more like humans due to closer evolutionary distance (3). Using both model organisms can help to answer questions on the cellular level as well as the macroscopic concept of

Research is being done on remyelination since it was not a procedure that was having long term effects and often would fail.Instead it could leave patients with a scar and sometimes even worse then they started. Much research is being done to comprehend step by step how this procedure is carried out, so that remyelination can be adequate and

Our brain is divided into two halves or hemispheres. The left hemisphere specializes in language, words, understanding and reasoning while the right hemisphere is associated with spatial awareness and creativity. Split brain is a term used to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres is severed either partially or completely. Before the proceeding with the surgical procedure, the patient’s head is either partially or completely shaven in order to gain easier access to the scalp. Once they are under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes an incision, which allows for a craniotomy to be performed. A craniotomy is an operation that allows for the temporary removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. For a partial callostomy, the anterior two-thirds is sectioned, but the posterior one-third is sectioned as well for a complete callostomy. After sectioning, the dura is closed and a portion of the cranium is replaced.

The neurosurgical procedure lobotomy is based on the concept of localization of function. Localization of function is the idea that there is a direct correspondence between specific cognitive functions and specific parts of the brain. Localization of function comes from the idea of phrenology, which is the study of the shape, size, and protrusions of the cranium in an attempt to discover the relationships between parts of the brain and various mental activities and abilities. Localization of function is shaped by the work of Shepherd Franz and Karl Lashley. Franz and Lashley studied the effects of ablation of the frontal lobes in rats. They did this by observing the animals after they made small holes on their skulls. The results of these studies

Over the years, brain surgery has evolved substantially. Looking into multiple types of surgery, surgery is able to be quite unusual. Humans will cut into each other a lot of times in order to get rid of deadly disease and even just to remove excess body fat. The reality that we do not marvel about these on a daily basis shows how advanced surgery has grown over the years. Surgery is a safer and more reliable tool including a necessary component of health care. Previously, the surgeries themselves were brutal from lack of understandings toward anesthesia and none of the tools accessible today with operations forced and traumatic. With the present tools through surgery, brain surgery has changed greatly. This article chosen was aligning with

I believe brain surgery or "psychosurgery" should not be done if the results could be fatal. If the results are going to be questioned whether or not they will be good or bad the surgery should not be constructed. If there is any possibility that something bad could happen during surgery, I believe there is no point in putting risks on that person. If it were me that needed the surgery and the results may or may not be good, I wouldn't risk it. Others may argue that it's either risk it or die, but if you think about it honestly during the procedure you could die as well.

After surgery, Mr. Baker is taken to a room on the medical-surgical floor. He has an IV infusing at 125 ml/hr, a PCA pump, and a nasogastric tube connected to low suction. He is receiving oxygen through a nasal cannula.

and objects going in and out of the body. Necessary parts of anatomy maybe be taken out by accident. A person might not wake up from the sedatives that they get prior to the operation.

Habitually, the majority of significant scientific discoveries that have occurred over the course of human history have been the center of fierce debate and controversy for one reason or another. From radical perspectives such as the Earth’s orbital around the sun to the theory that the planet isn’t geographically flat, scientists are often at the focal point of ethical debates. In regards to current advancements, nothing may be more controversial in modern day science and it’s general public than the research of embryonic stem cells. The utilization of stem cells in the process of injury and recovery is ethically justified because it involves informed consent by voluntary egg donors who aspire to contribute to research (when referring to embryonic stem cells), and may be the only effective and efficient method in central nervous system/spinal cord injuries that involve impaired cells that are not able to go through the cell cycle for mitosis. Technological advancements pertaining to stem cells and further research towards their significance in the medical field are morally correct and could be a critical method of prevention towards injuries and impairments that may cause permanent paralysis in everyday patients.

There have also been breakthroughs in stimulating nerve re-growth by Dr. Martin Schwab at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. He has been able to create an antibody, called IN-1, that combats the inhibitory proteins which prevent nerve growth. Using IN-1 with naturally occurring nerve growth factors, NT-3, he was able to produce promising results, with rats regaining some function where there was no