Insulin Synthesis Lab Report

(TCO 4) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells?

But how is insulin made? The production of insulin starts in the nucleus which is the cellular organelle where the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found. They form a series of multiple linear molecules which are then folded in the nucleolus in to

The insulin signaling cascade is initiated when insulin binds to insulin receptors located on the cell 's surface. The insulin receptor has four subunits: two alpha subunits located on the outside of the cell and two transmembrane beta subunits (3 & 4). When insulin binds to the alpha subunit receptors, it transmits a signal across the plasma membrane and activates tyrosine residues that are attached to the beta subunits. The activation of the tyrosine residues causes it to autophosphorolate and then phosphorolate other proteins that also have tyrosine residues attached to them. These phosphorylated proteins then move on to trigger cellular responses such as translocation of GLUT4 vesicule to the cell membrane. The vesicule becomes a transporter to allow glucose to come into the cell so that it can continue on and be stored as glycogen (3).

Glucose is the body’s key source of energy. In order to make ATP glucose is processed from a metabolic pathway called glycolysis. The first step of glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose. This prevents the diffusion of glucose out of the cell. Due to the charged phosphate group glucose does not easily cross the cell membrane which is where the process of facilitated diffusion comes in. Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to allow a component to move down it’s concentration gradient. It is also good to note that since insulin signals are synthesized at the membrane bound polyribosomes and are therefore hydrophilic, they require a TMP for transport across the lipid bilayer. These processes are possible because of ribosomes-studded

While typical healthy individuals use insulin to draw sugar into their cells for energy usage,

The hypothalamus will send a signal to the pancreas to release glucagon, the hormone responsible for increasing glucose, to the blood. After glucagon enters the blood it will go to the target cell to bind to the receptor. After it reaches the receptor, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, which will then secrete glucose to the blood thus increasing the blood glucose levels. This is an example of positive feedback. Once the receptors in blood detect that the glucose in the blood is increasing, the target cells will then send a signal to the to stop the stimulation of glucagon. This is called negative

The receptors in the cells are covered in the insulin, that allows sugar in the blood to enter the cell for energy production. Diabetes mellitus prevents the cells from using the insulin; therefore, the sugar remains in the bloodstream. the insulin will move into through our cells when pancreas released more insulin that have been transformed from the food that we ate into glucose (sugar).

When the blood glucose levels rise above the optimum, the pancreas detects this, and sends a metabolic signal for the pancreas to produce insulin in the beta cells. The beta cells are a part of a cluster of cells called the Islets of Langerhan. The hormone insulin is made here because the pancreas is a part of the endocrine system. (4) Insulin helps our cells convert glucose into energy, and it helps our bodies store extra glucose for use later. Insulin does this by turning the extra food into larger packages of glucose called glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. When the body consumes food the pancreas will produce more insulin than normal as more is needed, and less insulin when it is not needed as much. (7)

Insulin is a hormone that is made in the pancreas and moves glucose from the blood into cells of the body. Pre proinsulin is an inactive precursor to the endocrine hormone insulin. Proinsulin is created in the membrane associated ribosomes found on the rough er, where it is folded and its disulfide bonds and are oxidized. For the paper model I colored, cut and folded the paper into insulin shape.

Glucose then enters the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels. When blood sugar levels reach a certain point it stimulates the pancreas to release insulin (Brashers & Jones, 2014). Insulin then binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane and allows glucose to enter the cells (Brashers & Jones, 2014). However, at the beginning stages of diabetes type 2, there are a reduced number of viable insulin receptors on the cell membrane, this is a result of prolonged exposure to high levels of glucose in the blood (this is classified as insulin resistance) (Scheen, 2003). Subsequently, the beta cells in the pancreas continue to produce more insulin to simulate the uptake of glucose, causing the beta cells to overwork and die (Scheen, 2003). Prolonged high levels of glucose in the blood stream can damage the body’s circulatory system and result in serious complications such as heart disease, kidney failure, blindness and nerve disease; without treatment diabetes can lead to death (Scheen,

Destruction of beta cells > Beta cells decline> insulin secretion decreases until insulin is no longer available to maintain normal blood glucose levels.>Beta cells

Sugar is the primary fuel for the cells in the body, and the insulin takes the sugar from the blood and into the cells. When glucose builds

When food is ingested in a person body it is broken down into smaller components including a sugar called glucose. Glucose travels to the cells in our body through the bloodstream and this is made possible due to insulin. As stated earlier insulin is produced by the beta cells and is stored in the pancreas. When the glucose levels go up in a person’s body the pancreas release the stored insulin in order for the glucose to get into the cells. To summarize insulin is what allows for glucose to produce energy. The cells in our body

In our body we have a gland called the pancreas, inside the pancreas there are small beta cells, and these are the cells that produce chemicals called insulin for our body. When we eat carbohydrate foods, the food are broken down into glucose, the glucose then travels to the bloodstream so that it can be used as energy for the different cells around the body. Cells such as the muscle cells, the brain cells and fat cells. Now the job of the insulin is to remove the glucose from the blood and change it

An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.