Infectious Disease : Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis has been one of the most fatal diseases since the beginning of history. However, it was especially dangerous during the Victorian Era. All Victorians experienced the distress of tuberculosis in some way, making it a tremendous problem for society at the time. The eternal search for an effective, absolute cure of this dreaded disease has lasted for centuries, from the Ancient Egyptians on the Nile, to modern times. Nevertheless, several crucial leaps were made in the medical field during the Victorian Era that helped to curb the toll of tuberculosis on society.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss tuberculosis (TB), provide a clinical description, and discuss the determinants of health in relation to TB and the role and tasks of the community health nurse in regards to the disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.

China is one of the biggest partner of U.S. nowadays. Since 2007, China have become the United States' principal source of imports and exports. In 2015, the trade between U.S. and China grew up to 600 billion dollars. (Foreign Trade) However, U.S. and China did not build a good partnership after World War II.

Tuberculosis(TB) is a highly contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs, although it can also be found in other body parts. The disorder is caused by a bacteria called myocardial tuberculosis, and is mostly spread through the air when an infected person coughs. Many years ago, tuberculosis accounted for nearly 30% of deaths in the US. In the 1940’s and 50’s, however, its fatality rate dropped significantly due to antibiotics and vaccinations. Since the outbreak of AIDS, tuberculosis has increasingly been an issue again since people with the disease cannot fight off TB (Bontrager & Lampignano 2005, Basic TB Facts 2012).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations hit hard by AIDS infections, but it is also evidenced in an upswing in the United States. (Nester, Anderson and Roberts)

When a person has latent TB this indicates that they have acquired the TB germ but do not

The most common way of getting Tuberculosis is by breathing in respiratory droplets from the air that have been accumulated there by the process of another infected person coughing, sneezing, and or talking, ext., ext. The symptoms of Tuberculosis in the lungs is a cough, sputum, bleeding of the lungs, fever, night sweats, loss of weight, and weakness. TB tends to attack places with poor Public Health Services, and crowded living conditions as well as areas where it is disrupted by both natural and unnatural disasters (like war or flood). In the year is 1993 the W.H.O. declared TB Global Health Emergency.

Tuberculosis is not only an infectious disease; this disease also raises questions in regards to social awareness on the individual level on how it can affect each and every community around the world so differently. TB, this infectious disease, is not only a medical condition that needs to be treated yet it brings psychological approaches. Psychological approaches that include finding an improved management method so that the community affected is able to accept the issues and react to them. Finding the social factors by developing creative approaches within the complex society by utilizing the good intentions and interactions within the society. By properly approaching the disease to

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious disease that affects the lungs. In the United States it was once a rare disease, however in 1985 there was a reoccurrence due to HIV. Tuberculosis has been around for a long time since the nineteenth centuries claiming the lives of many. Pulmonary tuberculosis is said “to be the second disease in the United States that is very deadly caused by infectious agents” quoted by Terry Des Jardins, Med, RRT. Since a drug has been found to treat Tuberculosis the numbers of death have decreased. In my essay I plan to talk about the diagnosis, signs and symptoms, treatments, the cause of tuberculosis and how the disease called Pulmonary tuberculosis came about over the years. I will also

Tuberculosis can infect anywhere in the body, but it infects the lungs most commonly, which is known as the pulmonary tuberculosis [4]. Tuberculosis can be latent when infected, and developed into active TB disease. People with latent TB (about 33.3% of the world population) will not have any symptoms and will not transmit the disease to other people. However, they are at a 10% risk that it will develop into active TB over their lifetime. The symptoms include cough, fever, fatigue, chills, night sweat, weight loss, etc. TB is transmitted through air by coughing, spitting, speaking, and sneezing, etc. [3][4]. A person can be infected by inhaling just a few of the bacterium [3].

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

Tuberculosis is present from an epidemiological aspect in many low-income and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated in 2015 over 90% cases and has valued that one third of the population is infected with Mtb. This showed the tragic effects of TB when is not cured. In addition, the spread of tuberculosis is greater due to the migration of population, which is also cause the reactivation of remotely acquired latent tuberculosis infection (Xu et al., 2009). The latent TB is difficult to detect and different factors such as HIV can trigger the activation of the bacteria. Tuberculosis can be treatable if it is detected in an early stage by

Tuberculosis, often referred to as TB is one of the world’s oldest infections. It is a chronic, airborne, highly contagious infection, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is treatable and preventable, but yet causes increasing morbidity and mortality (Battle, 2009,). It re-emerged in the mid-1980s as a major public health concern. Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Tuberculosis has been implicated as comorbidity in other diseases like HIV/AIDS and diabetes. It is numbered among the top fifteen diseases by World Health Organization and the sixth Millennium Development Goal. Robert Koch, one of the fathers of Microbiology, first discovered M. tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis in 1882 (Adams & Koch, 2010). Tuberculosis is the most common bacterial infection worldwide.

Tuberculosis is a prime leading health problem throughout the universe. It is the second utmost cause of death from a contagious agent killing nearly 20 million people each year. There are two major elements that are contributing to the current TB endemic and its combined morbidity and mortality include; growing human immunodeficiency virus outbreaks and rising prevalence of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the most effective anti-TB drugs. Another causative to the development of resistance is the destitute quality of drugs, improper treatment management, patient non-cooperation and malabsorption due to other integral conditions. This paper is comprised of the pathophysiology of TB, etiology, diagnosis, signs and