Increasing Coping Skills in Parents of Children with Type 1 Diabetes

To reach these conclusions, this study took on the form of a qualitative analysis. A qualitative longitudinal study utilized series of three interviews which categorized subjects in those diagnosed within 10 days, 4 months and 1 year after diagnosis. To accomplish this, forty audio interviews were given with 38 parents of 20 newly diagnosed children. The Theory of Psychological Transition was applied to the data in explaining the results.

Patients are usually given a blood test to show if diabetes is present, the test may be given because of questionable symptoms one has had or from genetic history. If after testing hemoglobin levels in your blood, and diagnosed with diabetes, insulin will then be a part of a patients’ daily routine (Insel, Deecher, & Brewer, 2012).Tests are taken to determine whether or not hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia is present. When this is discovered, the tests become more frequent. A variety of tests are done in order to keep one in good health. If diagnosed in time, and with proper care, many complications can be prevented. JDRF will be supporting

Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a measure of glycated haemoglobin. The HbA1c shows the amount of glucose that is stuck onto haemoglobin (Thomas & Institute, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes, 2013). To measure HbA1c can be used to confirm whether the patient has diabetes, also to monitor long-term glycemic control then adjust therapy and assess the quality of diabetes treatment (Little & Sacks, 2009)

According to Pearce, Pereira and Davis (2013) , the authors of the practical guide for the nurse practitioner, assessment of the psychological aspects of diabetes and identification of patient’s emotional distresses are important factors in preventing and treating certain mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety and eating disorders ( Pearce et al., 2013). The authors point out some useful tools and resources aimed to increase patients’ quality of life.

have been implemented, control is improving, but slowly [5]. Based on recent large clinical trials there is a growing current of opinion that no single hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) target is appropriate for all patients. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests a fundamentally patient-centered approach to determine an individual’s HbA1c target. However, the ADA also recommends a HbA1c target level of less than 7% for the majority of patients [6].

Type 1 diabetes is a debilitating problem that strikes too many unfortunate children across the country. It is especially hard when it happens to infants who attend nursery schools: they have to deal with a life-altering situation while away from their parents. Thankfully, there are ways you can help make it easier on both your child and their nursery school.

An A1C test, also referred to as a glycosylated hemoglobin or glycated hemoglobin test, is a form of blood test that measures your average levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) over a period of several months. While only one blood draw is typically necessary, the results allow a physician to estimate your average blood sugar levels over about a 3 month period.

According to Medlineplus.gov, “You have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if you are older, have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or do not exercise. Having prediabetes also increases your risk. Prediabetes means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes” (MedlinePlus). For type II diabetes, especially, an unhealthy diet and exercise plan will put a person on the path for this disease. A study showed that “…variants of the HHEX gene contribute to the risk of T2D in a Dutch population” (Vliet et al., 2008). That gene is a protein that preforms in transcription. Type II diabetes usually starts out as prediabetes, but overtime, it progresses to type II diabetes if lifestyle changes are not changed. A person’s race plays a role in whether or not they are high risk for type II diabetes; according to healthline.com, “Compared to non-Hispanic white adults in the United States, Asian Americans have a nine percent higher risk of diabetes. Non-Hispanic Blacks have a 13.2 percent higher risk. Hispanics have a 12.8 percent higher risk, but this varies depending on national lineage. Currently, the rates of diagnosed diabetes are: 8.5 percent for Central and South Americans. 9.3 percent for Cubans. 13.9 percent for Mexican Americans. 14.8 percent for Puerto Ricans. American Indian adults in southern Arizona have the world’s highest rate of type 2 diabetes. One in three are currently diagnosed” (Santos-Longhurst, 2017). Type II diabetes is uncommon in children, but it can happen. Most people develop it as they get older. Most low or middle-income countries have a higher risk of people developing this disease because they eat what they can afford. Type II diabetes is found in both male and females, but pregnancy can increase a women’s chances of developing

“Glycosylated hemoglobin (referred to as HgbA1c or A1cA hemoglobin A1C) is a blood test that reflects average blood glucose levels over a period of approximately 2 to 3 months” (Day et al., 2016, p. 1309). This is beneficial as it provides the health care team with bigger picture and reflects long term blood glucose levels in patients. Sugar is an adhesive ingredient and

This program did not address the self-efficacy, which is an important factor to keep the change. Providers must include the concept of self-efficacy or empowerment to increase the patient’s motivation to participate in the self-management of their disease (Shu-Fang, Heng-Hsih., Shu-Yuag, Mei, and Neng, 2014).

151,000 people below the age of 20 years have diabetes (CDC, 2009). There has been an

Patients or their parents (if they are very young) are expected to test their blood sugar regularly and give themselves (or their children) insulin shots accordingly. High quality education is crucial, because “ 95% of the disease

In spite of the wide choice of effective and well-tolerated diabetic treatment large proportion of treated patients, do not achieve satisfactory Glycemic control. Poor therapeutic adherence is a major contributor for insufficient Glycemic control. Only 8.2% of people with diabetes adhere to self-monitoring of blood glucose levels.[4] ( Kim, & Jeong ,2003) Adherence has the largest effect on hyperglycemia.[5] (Brown & Hedges ,2004)The term adherence might imply a more holistic view about self-care than compliance because it places the patient in a central position.[6] (Toljamo & Hentinen,2001). Studies on adherence in patients with diabetes indicate that lack of knowledge and management skills are the main contributing factors to non-adherence.

There are seven essential self-care behaviors in public with diabetes which predict good outcomes. These are monitoring of blood sugar, healthy eating, being actually active, compliant with treatment, high-quality problem-solving skills, healthy coping skills and risk-reduction behaviors.[26].

In New Zealand, regardless of ethnicity or socio-economic status, T1DM is the most common form of diabetes in children and adolescents (Jefferies, Owens, & Wiltshire, 2015) Additionally, New Zealand reflects the rate of increase of incidence of T1DM worldwide which is three to 3-5% annually (Jefferies et al., 2015). This is an important health issue because it affects the expected lifespan of the person afflicted (WHO, 2016) mainly due to cardiovascular disease and other complication of diabetes (J. W. Little et