Introduction The growing inequalities in our society and an individual’s motivation to work can be explained through different sociological perspectives. This essay examines two theories, the functionalist perspective of social stratification and Max Weber’s social stratification perspective of rationalisation and life chances. In the first section of the paper, the differences and similarities of these theories’ understanding of people’s motivation to work are discussed. This will be followed by the comparison of how the two theories analyse the general trend of the rise of income inequality. Overall, the essay seeks to provide a comparison between Functionalism and Weberism in analysing the trend of rise of income inequality and people’s …show more content…
According to this perspective, social stratification is considered as the differential ranking of human individuals through the public perception of them as either superior or inferior in society (Parsons 1940, p. 841). The various rankings of people exist in society through the different occupations an individual may occupy. Through this perspective, social inequalities are needed to ensure that various positions in society are filled accordingly to one’s capacity, established through the need of special talents and training for certain jobs in communities (Davis & Moore 1945, p. 243). The rewards system in society is essential to differentiate which occupations are perceived as more important over the other, and eventually drive one’s decision to work in specific positions of employment. This theory believes that in order to draw individual’s talent and motivate training, jobs that require higher technical knowledge are associated with higher rewards (David & Moore 1945, p. 247). For example, the rewards are higher for professions such as data analysts, as it demands further education and training to gain the appropriate technical knowledge compared to jobs that do not require this knowledge, such as bricklayers. Therefore, Functionalism proposed the differential rewards is important, as they incentivise people’s decision to pursue higher education and engage in rigorous training for …show more content…
For instance, Fernandez (2001) has found a significant increase in wage distribution associated with the rise of technology in recent labour market trends (Neckerman & Torche 2007, p. 338). The polarisation thesis concludes that technology advancement leads to growth at the top tier of the jobs, but the stagnation of intermediate jobs (Neckerman & Torche 2007, p. 338), hence there will be less social mobility between classes. As proposed by the functionalist theory, higher rewards are needed for jobs requiring technical knowledge (David & Moore 1945, p. 247), thus job positions that need the use of technology are to be paired with higher income because it requires the attainment of technical knowledge. Therefore, highly educated workers are seen as deserving for the rapid growth in their earnings, and the rise of income inequality is again analysed as having a functional role in
Income inequality is on the rise and it is evident in most cities throughout the United States. There are individuals with six to seven figure incomes and then there are individuals whose income is just enough to get by. The middle class is not as prominent as the upper and lower class. This should be the other way around. There should not be so many cities with very wealthy neighborhoods right next door to low class, rundown neighborhoods, with little middle class households. Digging deeper, 47.6% of the money in the United States belongs to individuals that receive $98,200 or more (“Distribution of U.S. family income”, 101). The middle class should be much more noticeable with the upper and lower
In Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore, Robert H. Frank paints a picture to the reader about the struggles of pier pressure. For example: an upper-classmen chooses to buy a big house and fancy clothing. This acts as a “frame of reference” to the changes and norms of the society. If he spends money on something nice, a middle-classmen will then go and decide to do the same thing, and then a lower-classmen…all the way down the social hierarchy. This is what he calls an “expenditure cascade.” Robert relates this with a person’s downfalls, which can be traced due to lower income inequality. Income inequality basically means that in a given quantity, the dispersion of income is underlined by the gap between individuals and or households with
The issue of income inequality in the United States is complicated and does not have a definite answer. Income inequality can be measured in a few different ways. The first measurement for the income inequality in a country is to look at the percentages on households and group them into income categories, called distribution by income category. The second measurement for income inequality is called distribution by quintiles or fifths. This is when you divide the total number of people, households, families into five groups called quintiles to examine the percentage of total before tax income received by each quintile. Each quintile would then be ordered by income and households in the category.
In any given population, there is a difference between what people within the population earn. The uneven distribution of income in any given population is income inequality. In order for there to be income, there has to be several sources of income. These sources of income may be combinational or independent per person receiving the income. Income may result from wages, rent, bank account interests, salaries or even profits made in business transactions ( Stiglitz, 2012).
The United States is often viewed as a wealthy and stable country, but as shown in 2011, “the richest fifth of American households received about 51.1 percent of total income, while the poorest fifth received about 3.2 percent” (McConnell). There are many sources of income inequality that effect poverty in the United States and the role that discrimination plays in reducing and increasing wages for different people and how the people of the United States are affected by it.
The problem of income inequality is one that is very prevalent in this time in America. The disparity of wealth in this country is very vast and a growing problem. These problems of income inequality are taking away peoples aspect human dignity, this is a major moral issue because everyone is entitled to human dignity and when it is taken away from them that is moral wrong. Additionally this is an issue in which the Church is very involved in. Additionally President Obama in his State of the Union Address back in January also made note of the problems in the nation with regards to income inequality and the minimum wage. The United States Catholic Conference
In recent years, a growing gap between the wealthy and the middle class has grown, as the wealth of the world has increased significantly, yet only a minority of individuals get to enjoy it. Income inequality has been proven to be detrimental to not only the economy, but to the overall well-being of a nation as it leads to societal upset and can potentially prompt a decline in progression as a nation. Over time, income inequality has led to negative results in the United States, as well as many other nations including Greece. Consequently, the solution to prevent income inequality from deteriorating a nation and prevent economic upset is to ultimately tax those who are wealthier at a higher rate and put said money towards education and healthcare
The debate over whether income inequality should be an important topic in comparison to other issues that our nation faces. Income inequality an be defined as “the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population (dictionary.com).”According to the Census Bureau who reported that there has been a “rise in income inequality in America, the gap between rich and poor in New York is getting worse (CQ Researcher, pg. 991)”. Right America has one of the largest inequality gap, in comparison to India and the African nation of Burkina Faso (CQ Researcher, pg. 991)”. This debate over income inequality has been inconsistent. Some do not see an issue with the way that money is distributed, while other see this issue as a major problem that our nation faces and strategies/ policies needs to be implemented to address this issue. I
The distribution of income in the United States, is a growing controversy. Far left and far right groups have distinctly differing opinions on income inequality and whether it is beneficial or detrimental to the economic growth of the nation. Mainstream politics, however, tend to be relatively devoid of discussion about the extreme wealth gap. The rising levels, factors, and opinions of income inequality as well as methods of income redistribution will be discussed.
The biggest problem in today’s economy is wealth distribution also known as income inequality. Income inequality is the unequal distribution of income across various participants in a nations economy. This unequal distribution can be seen when looking at things such as property, valuable possessions, stock, savings, and investments. While the wealth of the US is clearly distributed unevenly, a “gap” between the rich and the poor continues to grow. Wealth distribution and the gap between the rich and poor is directly related to the concept of unequal opportunity. Economists such as Andrew Carnegie and John Kenneth Galbraith both believed that the economy is unfair and everyone should be given an equal opportunity to become wealthy and successful. People who are more fortunate should also try to help better the community and put there wealth towards society. Other economists such as Thomas Malthus and Garret Hardin believe that there will always be some percentage of humans
Income inequality is growing in the United States, and the problem is much worse than most people believe. For children, growing up poor hinders brain development and leads to poorer performance in schools, according to a study published this week in JAMA Pediatrics.
One of the largest social issues in America today is income and wealth inequality. Income inequality is when income is distributed unevenly amongst a population and consists of wages, salaries, interest on a savings account, dividends from shares of stock, rent, and profits from selling something for more than you paid for it (Mendelson). Wealth inequality is the unequal distribution of assets within a population. A person’s wealth is attributed to what a person owns which can include their residence, cash in savings accounts, investments in stocks and bonds, real estate, and retirement accounts (Aaron). Those who are unaffected typically brush off income and wealth inequality as none important. They view those who complain about barely making it by, as lazy and in their position of poverty by
In an economy, income inequality means the unequal distribution of household or individual income over many participants. It is also often presented as a percentage of income for a given percentage of the population. Most people associated income inequality with the concept of income fairness. Assuming that the rich have a larger share of the income of a country than the population in general, then they acknowledge it unfair. What causes the income inequality might be vary? It could be region, education, sex as well as social status. Income is the amount of money you earn from your job or investment. However, wealth is the amount you own, such as car, home, retirement amount, saving accounts, and so on. Even though, we are not living in the
Income inequality has been a major concern around the world, and it mainly links to how economic metrics are distributed among individuals in a country. Economists generally categorise these metrics in wealth, income and consumption. Wilkinson and Picket (2009) showed in their studies that inequality has drawbacks that lead to social problems. This is because income inequality and wealth concentration can hinder or delay long term growth. In 2011, International Monetary Fund economists showed that less income inequality increased the duration of countries’ economic growth spells more than free trade, low government corruption, foreign investment or low foreign debt (Berg and Ostry, 2011).
Income inequality has been a major issue in American history. There are many different factors that contribute to inequality. These include education, wealth, discrimination, ability, and monopoly power.