Hypercholesterolemia Case Study

Indications: The patient is a 69 year old black female who fell landing on her right hip. She was seen in the Emergency Room where physical exam and x-ray revealed an intertrochanteric right femoral fracture. She was admitted to Dr. Loyd’s service .

The patient is an 88-year-old gentleman who is brought to St. Joe's ER complaining of inability to walk. The patient 6 days ago began to having trouble walking with his walker. He reported left arm pain which radiated up his left arm. The patient had pain in the left foot. The patient was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital in Wayne. In the ER he was diagnosed with gout and begun on Colchicine. Since that time he has shown no improvement. He has become essentially chair-bound and unable to walk so he is brought to St. Joe's ER. His medical history is significant for atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and the patient also has a colostomy bag he had a procedure done and they were unable to connect is

The patient is 84-year-old male who presented to the ED complaining of shakiness of his legs onset the morning of presentation. He is a very poor historian. The patient has history of a fullness left shoulder and was seen in our ED on 8/30/2016 at which time he was diagnosed to have a subcapital fracture of the left humerus. He was placed in a sling and discharged home. He states he has a history of hypertension and seizures. He stopped taking his medication for both of them approximately a year ago. He states that his last seizure was about 20 years ago. He relates that he is not eating well at the present time. He lives alone. He has a sister and brother in law who check on him. In fact that the brother in law went to visit him and

The patient is a 94-year-old female who is brought to the emergency room after a mechanical fall on her left knee. She denies any palpitations, headache, chest pain or loss of consciousness prior to the eventl. She does endorse that she is having some shortness of breath. The patient went to kneel down the steps outside the door of her home and fell and injured her knee. It is to be noted that this patient was discharged the day prior to this presentation from Waterview nursing home at which time she used up all of her Medicare days for skilled nursing. The son relates he was told the patient was able walk when he brought her home she could not walk and that she fell. The patient had been in Waterview for 69 days and that the son insisted on her being discharged from the

A patient with a history of cardiac bypass, multiple sternal fracture repaired with sutures, and moderate mitral valve stenosis, admitted into the hospital with hypoxia due to heart failure. During the night, the patient got up to walk to the bathroom but fell before made it there. The patient fell on the right side, denied hitting the head, and denied significant pain at the scene before assisting back in bed. No swelling or bruises noted on the skin, and all the vital signs were within the patient’s baseline. The next morning the patient complained of severe pain in the right hip. Upon completing an MRI on the pelvis, the result shows the patient sustained a hip fracture on the side. A standard fall precaution implemented prior to the fall

The patient is a 57-year-old female who was electively admission for an orthopedic procedure. She has a very complicated past medical history including multiple medical problems hypertension, dyslipidemia, bowel syndrome with severe constipation, anorexia nervosa, depression, history of compulsive water drinking to the point of developing hyponatremia and she also has a neurogenic bladder which requires self-catheterization up to 5 times a day. She has also history of anemia of chronic disease and severe osteoporosis. She has compression fractures of the dorsal spine, first of the left elbow, as well as a fracture of her right hip and she suffers from great deal of pain in her right arm and wrist for a number of years. The patient underwent

Diabetes mellitus type 2, numbers improved on metformin 500 mg one p.o. b.i.d. She will continue this. She does get her eyes checked on a regular basis by her eye doctor.

The patient is a 92-year-old female who tripped and fell while walking into her place of residence. She tripped and fell on her right side and presented to the ED. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, hypothyroidism, s/p thyroid lobectomy, a parathyroid, nephrectomy, chronic, afib (on Coumadin) and a past history of polio as a young child. CT of the pelvis which reveals that she has a right hip nondisplaced inferior and superior rami fracture. Clinical review of the chart indicates Dr. Rifai has grave concerned that this fracture and the fact that she is on Coumadin places her at

Cholesterol is a substance made by the liver and occurs naturally. It helps the body in the proper functioning of the cells, hormones, and nerves. It travels in fatty acids of the blood stream also called plaque. Plaque can build up in the artery walls thus reducing the blood flow to important areas of the body. If this plaque continues to grow, it can cause problems such as stroke or heart attacks. Mostly, it is easy to maintain lower ldl cholesterol levels naturally. However, the meals and diets that we take upset these levels.

Hypercholesterolemia is “an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) and/or LDL-cholesterol or non-HDL-cholesterol (defined as the subtraction of HDL-cholesterol from total cholesterol) in the blood” (“Hypercholesterolemia”). Cholesterol is a fat-like compound that is found in all cells of a person. About 75% of the cholesterol found in the bloodstream is that made by the liver (HDL), while 25% is from food (LDL) (“Definition of …). Hypercholesterolemia is also referred to as dyslipidemia. Hypercholesterolemia may not cause symptoms but, overtime cholesterol may build up in the arteries and cause them to harden, therefore causing heart issues (“Definition of…”).

According to Heart foundation (2015) , coronary heart disease is a major cause of death in Australia, which kills about one Australian every 12 minutes. It is known that the development of atherosclerosis is the vital cause of coronary heart disease. It induces the accumulation of connective tissue rudiments, lipids, cells and other elements in the coronary artery wall (Hansson, 2005). This results in the asymmetric thickenings of the innermost layer, intima, which prevents adequate blood flow through arteries to supply to the organs and tissues. The plaques origin early in life and can progressively enlarge, harden and cause significant blockage(Hansson, 2005, Mathur, 2010). Else, the plaque can rupture and create blood clots,

High cholesterol levels can be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis. Cholesterol accumulates inside your blood vessels which ends up getting clogged. When these vessels get clogged, plaques form which cause the atherosclerosis. (Peters Et al, 2016) There are two main forms of cholesterol, which are low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). LDL is considered the bad cholesterol because it contributes to the plaque formation (CDC, 2016). Controlling your levels of bad cholesterol is key. One important way to control these levels would be maintaining a balanced diet. There are many food sources that help maintain a healthy level of serum cholesterol, such as eating a Mediterranean

Bad cholesterol is the culprit that increases people’s chances of developing cardiovascular diseases and the risk of dying of them. For those who eat or try to eat healthily, here’s a tip: eat barley or food items that contain barley.

Hyperlipidemia is a major health problem not a disease which is frequently associated excessive accumulation of fat in body. Hyperlipidemia can be characterized by elevated level of one or more lipid in blood such as triglycerides, total cholesterol and plasma lipoproteins including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) coupled with decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and contributes in manifestation and development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related conditions, such as coronary heart disease, ischemic cerebro-vascular disease and peripheral vascular disease.

High blood cholesterol is not only a major risk factor for cardiovascular heart diseases, but also for conditions such as stroke and heart attack. Cholesterol consists of two types lipoprotein, low-density lipoproteins, which are commonly known as the “bad cholesterol” that narrows arteries, and high-density lipoproteins seen as the “good cholesterol”. There are many determinants that contribute to high blood cholesterol, for instance, environmental influences, genetic factors, existing illnesses and so on. However, this literature review will primarily focus on controllable risk factors. Amongst the numerous controllable risk factors, this review will zoom into the three main factors, obesity caused by unhealthy diet, physical