Hydrogen Cells In Chloroplasts

The movement of protons would no longer be controlled by the carrier protein embedded within the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Normally, the ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy contained in the protons passing through it to produce ATP, but as was explained in the previous question, protons would no longer be passing through the synthase. Uncontrolled movement of this kind would mean any energy release would be uncontrolled as well, and therefore

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

b. How does the sodium gradient affect hydrogen ion movement? Active transport requires chemical energy because it is the movement of biochemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including active transport, respiration, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways. Below are a few ways in which ATP is used.

Cellular respiration is creating ATP from ADP and a phosphate inorganic using the energy which was released from breaking apart glucose. The equation that summarizes this process is (ADP + Pi) + C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat + (ATP). ATP is made up of a sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups, and adenine. ATP is the energy used to complete processes in the body. ATP also has a very high potential energy because of its phosphate groups. Potential energy has to do with energy due to location. For example, a person on a diving board has a higher potential energy than a person already in the water. This is because the girl on the diving board has more potential to fall or convert the potential energy into kinetic energy by using her location to power her fall. The ATP has higher potential energy because its phosphate groups have oxygen ions. The negatively charged oxygen ions repel each other and do not want to be near to one another. Because of this, if the third phosphate group was to break off of the ATP molecule, an amount of energy would be released, lowering the potential energy. This is why ATP has such a high energy and is used for so many processes. The ATP would become ADP with a phosphate group becoming inorganic and would release energy.

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

Like Photosynthesis, cellular respiration is also a redox reaction where glucose loses electrons and hydrogen atoms to produce carbon dioxide causing the glucose to become oxidized. At the same time, oxygen gains electrons and hydrogen atoms, reducing it to water.

The hydrogen ion (H+) concentration is extremely important to living organisms. Even small changes in H+ ¬¬ion concentration can cause serious consequences to the structural and functional integrity of molecules. Consequently, it is important to regulate the pH within strict limits so that important biochemical processes of living systems can proceed normally.

Hydrogens that are transported from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain are carried by carrier molecules. Carried by carrier molecules, the hydrogen molecules go through chemical reactions, and a hydrogen gradient is created. Hydrogen molecules then move across this gradient. Since hydrogen is added to oxygen, water is the by-product.

The area between these two membranes is called the intermembrane space, a reservoir for hydrogen ions used for synthesizing ATP from ADP. ATP is generated at the inner membrane of the mitochondria by an efficient mechanism known as oxidative phosphorylation, involving several membrane protein complexes. Nutrients provide high-energy electrons in the form NADH, which are used by the protein complexes to pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

The third and final step in cellular respiration is the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner mitochondrion membrane. This process uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. These high-energy electrons are first passed along the electron transport chain. Every time 2 electrons travel down this chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane. These H+ ions escape through channels into an ATP synthase. This causes it to spin, transforming the ADP into ATP. On average, each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron

In the metabolic reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions are very essential for ATP synthesis. The electrons removed in the oxidation are transferred to two major electron carrier enzymes. The electrons are transported through protein complexes in present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The complexes contain attached chemical groups which are capable of accepting or donating one or more electrons. The protein complexes are known as the electron transfer system (ETS). The ETS allow distribution of the free energy between reduced coenzymes and the O2. The ETS is associated with proton (H+) pumping from the mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)

hydrogen ions are moved into the thylakoid space by action of electron carriers; higher concentration of / more, hydrogen ions / protons reduces the pH; R hydrogen, H A hydrogen ions produced in lumen hydrogen ions, move / diffuse, down concentration gradient ; across / through, (thylakoid) membrane / from lumen to stroma; through ATP synthetase / synthase / protein channel / stalked particles; generates ATP; AVP; e.g. ref. to by chemiosmosis ref. to an electrochemical gradient / proton motive force max 4