Hydrogel dressing in comparison with hydrocolloidIntroductionWound repair may be divided into three overlapping phases, namely the inflammation granulation, and the matrix formation and re-modelling phases. In the inflammation phase, macrophages participate in the cleansing of the wound and are also responsible for initiating angiogenesis and the appearance of fibroblasts through the action of the cytokines they release. (Panchgnula and Thomas 2000 131-50) In the second phase of wound healing, granulation tissue appears, and consists mainly of fibroblasts which actively synthesize collagen precursors. These are deposited in the extracellular matrix, and crossed-linked to give tensile strength to the newly healed wound. The remodelling …show more content…
For example, diverse structures can be gained upon dehydration of the hydrocolloid making. These structures can be customized by the ventilation conditions and formulation making. (Katzung 2004 160-240)Structural characteristics for example porosity might influence the diffusion rate of liquid into the making and thus adjust the release prototype of the drug. Additionally, hydrocolloid-formulation grounding procedures are usually fairly easy and the cost of such materials is small. Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist used to moderate systemic hypertension. Antiarrhythmic effects of the drug control the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation and flutter. This mix is also used for the handling of steady and unbalanced angina pectoris. Although most of the administered drug dose is absorbed (90%), its bioavailability only reaches 3065% because of a high first-pass effect, mainly in the liver and the gastrointestinal tract. (Zohar et al 2004 249-58)Diltiazem hydrochloride has a short plasma half life of 34 h1 and should be taken three to four times a day. Consequently, controlled/sustained-release mixtures for diltiazem hydrochloride are desirable. The objectives of this study were to formulate and characterize dried carriers based on alginate, agarose, and gellan that contain fillers (talc, kaolin, calcium carbonate, potato starch, and corn starch) and diltiazem hydrochloride. (Panchgnula and Thomas 2000 131-50) These fillers are sold as powders and
Integra is a synthetic wound dressing frequently used to treat burn wounds (Figure 5). It is a bilayer composed of bovine tendon collagen glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin-6-sulphate) cross-linked to it, onto which a silicone (synthetic polysiloxane polymer) membrane is sealed to the upper surface to act as a protective temporary epidermis. The silicone layer is applied as a liquid monomer; curing occurs on the surface of the collagen at room temperature. It serves to control moisture loss from the wound. Water flux across this silicone membrane is the same as that across normal epidermis. The collagen-GAG matrix contains pores ranging from 70 to 200 µm that are invaded by host fibroblasts upon application to an excised wound bed. The pore size was carefully designed by adjusting the collagen-GAG mixture. In GAG-free collagen, the resulting structure was more closed than in collagen-GAG matrices. Smaller pores can delay, or even prevent, biointegration, whereas larger pores would provide an insufficient attachment area for invading host cells. Freeze-drying procedures followed by slow sublimation are used to control pore size too. The degradation rate of 30 days of the collagen-GAG sponge is controlled by glutaraldehyde-induced cross-links. The polypeptide collagen is used for its low levels of antigenicity (it has minimal rejection potential) and because it exerts a hemostatic effect on vascular wounds. Collagen is already found in skin. It is degraded by collagenase deposited
1. 10 to 100 healthy volunteers are used to study a safe dose range, evaluate side effects, and establish a final, correct dose.
Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly
The future of rapid response medicine is here. A special gel created from algae has caused quite a stir online. The kicker? It was invented by someone who wasn’t even old enough to get into a rated-R movie. It’s called VetiGel and it’s purported to help deep wounds stop bleeding within seconds of application. The way it works as described by its inventor Joe Landolina, is similar to the way LEGO blocks link together. When the gel is applied to a wound, even a rapidly bleeding one, the polymer structure of the gel re-assembles into a mesh, a wall of microscopic Legos of sorts that quickly creates a strong barrier to the bleeding.
This research is performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained. The intention of this research is to gather additional information with regard to effectiveness and safety and attempts to be conclusive with answers about the drug as far as benefit/risk issues are concerned. This is also the phase in the drug research process where labels are created and the basic guidelines for definition and public informative information is finalized. These studies may include several hundred to several thousand people.
Caring for patients with wounds is commonly encountered in a nurse’s career in most health care settings, whether it is in neonatal, mental health, community, or aged care. In the past, wound dressings were created to absorb all exudate, believing that dry wounds will reduce the risk of infection. Within the last fifty years, the concept of moist wound therapy has become the most effective approach to wound care. Before treating any wound, it is important to discover the underlying cause and consider other possible factors that may impact on the healing process and deliver a systematic and rational approach towards wound care assessment. Nurses must have a basic understanding of
Microspheres formulated using 0.1 M calcium chloride exhibited the highest drug loading at 14%, with 66.5% encapsulation efficiency. Less than 4% and 35% propranolol release occurred from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in 2 hours in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). 90% of the drug load was released in increments of 5 hours and 7 hours from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Prior incubation of hydrated microspheres in SGF extended the time of release in SIF to 10 hours. Restricted propranolol release in SGF and complete extraction in SIF demonstrate the potential of alginate gel microspheres for oral delivery of
Two analgesic tablets were ground by mortar and pestle. The powder was then rinsed with 10mL of dichloromethane, heated gently, and vacuum filtered. The acetaminophen solid remaining was boiled in ethanol before a second vacuum filtration. Meanwhile, the caffeine was rinsed with CH¬2Cl2 and transferred to separatory funnel where 2mL 3M NaOH was added three times. After draining the blue caffeine layer two granules of MgSO4 were added to the solution. The aspirin in the separatory funnel got 2mL 6M HCl to the aspirin solution. The aspirin was drained from the mouth of the separatory funnel and placed into an ice bath for ten minutes. Hot ethanol was used to recrystallize the aspirin and it went back into another ice bath, after which the aspirin
Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that the orally administered nanoemulsions had a higher rate of absorption and the concentration of the drug in the brain and plasma was the highest. Formulation: The drug nanoemulsion was prepared by adding 50% of the drug solution (with dehydrated ethanol) to one ml of safflower oil and it was stirred for the oil drug mixture to distribute homogenously and for all the ethanol to evaporate. Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid.(40mg) make up the aqueous phase. Both the phases are heated at 70oc separately. The oil phase was slowly added to the aqueous phase and stirred well. The mixture was then sonicated (21% amplitude and 50%duty cycle). The mixture formed (drug containing nanoemulsion) was then filtered and stored at 4oc.Preparation of aqueous suspension was made using 3H Labeled drug and unlabeled drug in ethanol along with Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid. The suspension was sonicated in order to lessen the particle size [2]. An example is Saquinavir (anti-HIV inhibitor) showed enhanced oral absorption and increased concentration of drug in the brain when incorporated in a nanoemulsion
Dosages of the drug vary from one extreme to another based upon the patients needs.
To be able to draw conclusions about the pharmacokinetic characteristics and biodistribution of a drug introduced to the body by a new delivery system, one should have a thorough understanding of the time-course of
Pressure ulcers (PU) interested me since my first encounter in nurse school. Before nursing school, I never encountered a wound, which caused major tissue damage, prior to this experience and began to wonder how does a wound, to this extreme, begin to form? I wanted to examine the cause and treatments used in prevention and healing in patients, so I began to examine 3 articles that presented detailed knowledge about the subject area. One article was a general review on the use of foam dressing, another article compared the use of both hydrocolloids and foam dressing, the last article developed a trial that addressed the writer’s preference to hydrocolloids over foam dressings. From these articles I gained information, which helped me
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is a complex process even for healthy patients. The whole body, as a system, remains unpredictable in many of its responses to drugs. That being said we have elucidated many of the body processes and have designed drugs and drug therapy regimens around new evidence and models. PK is broken down into four pats: administration, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption refers to the drug entering the body; distribution to the spread of the drug to tissues, organs and throughout the blood; metabolism is the processing of drugs by enzymes in the body, such as the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes; and excretion is drug removal from the body. As the body ages, all of these areas is affected.
In another hand, some patients metabolize a drug so rapidly that therapeutic effects are not reached. The appropriate dosages for individuals need to be calculated. (Textbook, p 23)
(What Dr Ike Iheanacho (the editor of the Drug and Therapeutics bulletin) stated can be found in the table above)