How Thyroid Affects Pregnancy

2. The subject who was diagnosed with secondary hypothyroidism was given levothyroxine (synthetic Thyroxine). After 6 weeks of

Kanye West and Harding’s quotes both relate to the character Billy Bibbit because he was an outcast in society and thought lowly of himself. Billy was different, and because of this, society did not accept him and that caused him to stay sheltered by his mother. His mother was overprotective and did not toughen Billy up, so Billy had a stutter and a deep dependence on other people. When he got to the hospital, he had no experience in the real world, and he suddenly had no help from his mother. This led him to be more withdrawn and allowed people to belittle him because he could not stand up for himself. After being made fun of and thrown aside by society, Billy had no self confidence. His feelings towards himself were only negative, and these feelings rules

Diagnosis: patients who present with signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as low energy, weight gain, cold intolerance, and amenorrhea, should be tested for the disorder with serum measurements of TSH and free T4. High TSH and low free T4 levels suggest hypothyroidism. Conversely, measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies may also be tested, such as anti-thyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and anti-TSH receptor. Clinical suspicion should still be present when patients do not have these characteristic hypothyroid symptoms, but present with primary amenorrhea in the

The patient’s diagnosis is primary overt hypothyroidism. The patient presents with certain features such as weight gain, weakness, excessively dry flaking skin, dry hair, sluggish movements, constipation, bradycardia, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and bilateral edematous hands, which is classical signs and symptoms for primary hypothyroidism. The patient laboratory test reveals she has an elevation in serum thyroid stimulating hormone level along with low serum free thyroxin and triiodthyronine levels, which indicates it is a dysfunction or abnormality in the thyroid gland as opposed to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (Gaitonde; Lohano; Porth, 2015, p. 780; Ross, 2014).

There are many causes of hyperthyroidism, but the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the same no matter what causes the over expression of thyroid hormones. The main symptoms of hyperthyroidism are fatigue, shortness of breath, weak muscles, anxiety, difficulty sleeping and heart palpitations. Interestingly, even with an increase in appetite the patient will have weight loss.

Out of all the different types of thyroiditis, Hashimoto’s disease (or chronic thyroiditis) is the most common. Thyroiditis is often a cause for hypothyroidism and goiter. Since Hashimoto’s disease is the most common form of thyroiditis, it is then concluded that it is also the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism and goiter. Those who have the highest chances of suffering from Hashimoto’s disease are middle-aged women who have a family history of thyroid dysfunctions. Some of the symptoms of chronic thyroiditis are enlarged neck, presence of goiter, constipation, mild weight gain, hair loss, and intolerance to colder temperatures.

Depression is defined by the DSM-IV as a mental disorder characterized by sustained depression of mood, anhedonia, sleep and appetite disturbances, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and hopelessness. Depressive symptoms such as the mere inability to experience pleasure and loss of energy persisting for longer than two weeks are usually enough to indicate an affective disorder (Hirschfeld 2014). There are significant variations in presentations and diagnosis criteria, but regardless of the classification of depressive states (Major (Unipolar), Bipolar, Dysthymia, Atypical, SAD, Postpartum), it is agreed upon that pharmacological interventions are sometimes required: to alleviate debilitating symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life. The interest in depression medications reflects the gravity of the disease i.e. its ability to psychologically impair lives and lead to suicide.

Postpartum Thyroiditis : The thyroid gland located in the lower front of neck is a butterfly- shaped endocrine gland. It produces thyroid hormones which help the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working normally. Postpartum thyroiditis is caused by anti – thyroid antibodies that attack the thyroid and cause inflammation. In United States, postpartum thyroiditis affect 5 -10% of women. Any women with autoimmune disorders, history of previous thyroid dysfunction, family history of thyroid dysfunction, history of previous postpartum thyroiditis are at risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis. The clinical course of postpartum thyroiditis includes thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism. The

My patient is a 30-year-old mother of two who presented with symptoms of fatigue, cold intolerance, and tearfulness. She was later diagnosed with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis six months after the birth of her second child. With the addition of a thyroid hormone, prescribed by her doctor, the patient is doing well and living an active life with her husband and two children.

Thyroid levels can change during pregnancy and lactation, even with mothers who never had thyroid irregularities before.

Grave’s disease is uncommon in pregnancy. It occurs in 0.5 to 3.0% of pregnancies. Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Common signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, tachycardia, tremor, sweating, dyspnea, weight loss, goiter, and ophthalmopathy (Alamdari et al., 2013, p. 1-2). Poorly treated or untreated hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may cause preeclampsia, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and miscarriage. Other complications may include congestive heart failure, thyroid storm, and postpartum bleeding. In addition, the fetus of hyperthyroid mother is at risk because the stimulating maternal TRAb passes the placenta and may cause fetal hyperthyroidisms. The fetus will experience

Graves’ disease is a precursor to hyperthyroidism. Named after the man who first discovered the condition, Robert Graves, this disease shares many immunologic features with autoimmune hypothyroidism (17). The most common symptoms that come with this disease are weight loss, fatigue, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats. This particular condition can be affected by a person’s age. Statistics show that the severity of different symptoms can increase as a person diagnosed with Graves’ disease grows older. This condition also makes people more susceptible to other autoimmune diseases and women who are diagnosed with Graves’ disease should refrain from becoming pregnant until their thyroid problems have been sufficiently treated.

The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland that is located in the front of your neck. This glands purpose is to act as the control center for your body and secrete hormones that help sustain the organs. Two conditions that can affect the thyroid to become overactive or underactive are called hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is the thyroid’s hormone production. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder where your thyroid gland creates too much of the hormone thyroxine and this is known as throtoxicosis. Thyroxine is the primary hormone secreted into the bloodstream and is vital in heart and digestive functions, regulating metabolic rate, and maintaining bone, just to name a few. Hyperthyroidism

brain and eyes can be damaged when hypertension is secondary to hyperthyroidism. Signs of the disease are hyperexcitability, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, increased urination, and weight loss even with increased appetite. The hyperthyroidism is diagnosed by clinical signs, symptoms, and blood tests to check hormone levels and chemistry panels.

The symptoms that are prevalent with infants include jaundice, frequent choking, a large protruding tongue, and a puffy appearance to their face. As hypothyroidism continues to progress many infants experience constipation, poor muscle tone, and excessive sleepiness. Also, as it progresses infants may experience trouble feeding and could affect the overall growing and development of the infant. If it is goes untreated there is even a likely chance that that physical or mental disabilities will present themselves. Also, a person can experience life-threatening depression, heart failure, or coma if it goes untreated (Norman). One complication that arises from hypothyroidism is goiter, which is caused by to over production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. With goiter the thyroid gland becomes enlarged and requires