How Does The Environment Affect Infant's Interaction With Their Environment

It was not a topic that was brought up earlier, because there was tainted history of using biology to figure logistics of criminal behavior. Instead, criminologists look at social and environmental factors such as poverty rates, drug/weapon accessibility, and socialization. Over 100 studies have shown genes play a role in crime. Kevin Beaver, an associate professor at Florida State University’s College of Criminology and Criminal Justice states approximately 50 percent of a human’s aggressive behavior is comprised of the thousands of expressed genes affected by the environment (Cohen). The other half of a human’s aggressive behavior is usually environmental or social factors such as, neighborhood, wealth, and education. It is important to also know the other factors that “make” someone a criminal because it will also help researcher see what else contributes to criminal activity (Eysenck).

During pregnancy that are existing factors that can affect the development of the foetus and that can bring health and other problems when the child is born, which the child can carry for the rest of her/his life, these

One factor that influences the likelihood of criminal behavior involves a person’s genetics. Certain inherited behaviors can lead people to be more likely to have criminal behaviors. Stated in the article "The Criminal Mind,” Arian Raine explains, “More than 100 studies of twins and adopted children have confirmed that about half of the variance in aggressive and antisocial behavior can be attributed to genetics.” (Raine). Aggressive and antisocial behaviors are found in many criminals. Research proves that these behaviors can be due to genetics, and this makes these behaviors a genetic influence to criminal behavior. Additionally, anybody can be a criminal, but gender plays a role in their chances as well. In the article “Born

As with many influences on human behavior, environmental actions may actually trigger the genetic predispositions toward antisocial behavior. Of these environmental triggers, childhood abuse may be the most important of situational factors. Understanding antisocial personalities in individuals with biological susceptibility to antisocial behaviors and those who experienced maltreatment in a hostile environment would be at a high risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.

Biology and genetics influence substance abuse and addiction. According to Prescott, Madden, and Stallings, (2006), a number of obstacles confront researchers considering genetic influences on substance-related behavior. Preliminary there is a significant discrepancy across civilizations and archival periods in the prevalence and classifications of substance use (i.e., cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, or heroin). A person’s biology is a determination in the addiction of risk. For example, Prescott, Madden, and Stallings (2006) assert many studies indicate increased rates of alcoholism among adopted males; although he is not influenced by his own biological parents (p. 475; see Cadoret et al. 1985; see Cloninger et al. 1981). It has been suggested that twins (e.g., adults) are most likely to inherit smoking dependence. Various studies throughout countries study variables (e.g., age and gender) according to Prescott, Madden, and Stallings (2006).

Furthermore A mother's use of recreational drugs, alcohol, or tobacco during pregnancy has also been linked to her child's risk of future criminality. Antisocial children seem to have slower brain-wave activity and lower heart rates than their well-behaved peers (Seifert 67).

Family characteristics such as poor parenting skills, family size, home discord, child maltreatment, and antisocial parents are factors linked to juvenile delinquency. “Child maltreatment roughly doubles the probability that an individual engages in many types of crime. This is true even if we compare twins, one of whom was maltreated when the other one was not" (Currie, Tekin 6). Similarly, having a parent who ever struck, hit or kicked them increases the probability of criminal activity, and the effect tends to be greater impact if the parent struck them frequently, and are thought to have many harmful long term consequences that could predispose child to risky, self-destructive or aggression behavior and are more likely relative to children in the general population to engage in delinquency. They focus on crime because it is one of the

One of the most profound indicators of future criminal behavior lies in parenting. There is no greater influence on infants and young children than the parents themselves. However, some parents are simply not equipped to be successful role models for their children. Parents who engage in extreme corporal punishment, neglect to give their children proper supervision, or encourage rather than dissuade certain antisocial attitudes and behaviors can socialize their children in an extremely negative manner (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990)(Lahey et al., 1999). Children who are predisposed to irritability or impulsiveness might elicit antisocial responses from ill-equipped parents, possibly even physically abusive. These episodes of abuse will continue to create an environment in which children will display aggressive antisocial behavior and their parents will continue to respond negatively or ignore the child entirely (Collins et al., 2000)(Maccoby & Jacklin, 1983).

There is a great amount of information on how genes can influence criminal activity, and also how factors during pregnancy can impact the offspring. Along with the biological reasoning, Glenn and Raine have recognized and stated that the environment is also important in gene function and expression. This periodical was one that was very informant and knowledgeable. Compared to the other sources, this source had the most accurate, relevant, and useful information for this essay. This source was also more beneficial, due to the fact that two famous psychologists have come together and publish all of their knowledge. This can be seen through the sheer amount of information they have both provided. This periodical will likely be utilized due to the amount and accuracy of facts that are provided. They will be very helpful when trying to prove arguments because these facts will make the point stronger and more impactful. Of course, this periodical will be referred to more when explaining the biological side of the thesis, but there is still some information that can be used for the social argument. The one downfall to this periodical is that it does not give any real life examples or studies to back up facts, so it may be difficult to incorporate into the essay. Overall, Andrea Glenn and Adrian Raine provided a

outside going to play yard but it can not count as ventilation since there was no locking screen or safety half gate/door to keep the children from leaving the door unattended.

The modern biosocial perspective of criminal behavior covers many different areas of studies. The aspects this paper will be focusing on are familial studies, brain injuries, and cytogenetic studies. It should be taken into consideration that every situation and person is different; therefore, the results from the studies will most likely vary significantly. This theory discusses the thinking that instead of a nature versus nurture point of view, criminology should be studied from a viewpoint of nature and nurture working in tandem. This is pointed out in many areas, but it most noticeable in the areas mentioned above. Not only is this theory looking into the genetics side of the argument, but it is also taking into account the

Crime, mental health and genetics are related to the idea that genes can cause humans to act aggressively. A case for genetics and crime connects the accused to the crime based on evidence. For instance, if the perpetrator beat strangled and rape their victim then their DNA will be left at the crime scene. If found by investigators the evidence will prove the perpetrator was in contact with the victim. The police will be able to connect the perpetrator to the scene. To solve a crime a DNA match can be used for evidence. The case against genetics and crime looks at genetics and mental health or between mental health and violence. Studies in behavioral genetics indicate that some violent criminals are genetically predisposed to violent behavior.

Infant development is greatly influenced by the environment which the infant grows in. Some important environment factors are the economic circumstances, cultural values, family structure, etc. These types of environmental factors can shift how the infant develops, and if certain milestones are achieved earlier or later. The environment has more of an impact on the infant than people may think it does.

When someone says, “You get that laugh or that smile from your father or your mother.” You don’t always believe them, but in some studies today it is said that if your parents or anyone in your family has a history of a drug addiction those traits in their genes have a decent chance of being passed down to the children causing problems for them later in life. According to the Drugs and Addiction article in the 2009 Addiction Journal, “Family, twin and adoption studies suggest that the heritability of substance use disorders is moderate to

Birth defects and developmental complications can be caused by non environmental factors, or environmental factors. Genetics and heredity are known causes of birth defects that are not environmental factors. Birth defects such as Down Syndrome, Muscular Dystrophy, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia are examples of genetics and heredity issues, which are unavoidable and can not be prevented. However, environmental factors including: alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, infectious diseases, sexual transmitted