How Does Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A). The anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate is called glycolysis. This sequence of reactions will generate two molecules of pyruvate for every one molecule of glucose. This metabolism is anaerobic, which means that it does not require oxygen to be completed. The first phase of the process of glycolysis is called the preparatory phase. The entire process of glycolysis is started once glucose is trapped inside

Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction of oxidizing its substrate, succinate, into fumarate via the removal of hydrogen ions from succinate. This oxidation is vital in the Krebs cycle.

As seen in Figure 1, the EMP pathway begins with glucose, a six carbon monosaccharide. In the first reaction, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation via hexokinase to yield glucose-6-phosphate. In the second reaction, it undergoes an isomerization to yield fructose-6-phophate. In the third reaction, another phosphate group is transferred from ATP to yield fructose-1, 2-bisphosphate and is catalyzed by the important regulatory enzyme phosphofructokinase. At this point in the pathway, the molecule still contains six carbons. However, in the fourth reaction, the six carbon molecule is broken into two three carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate catalyzed by aldolase.

A. ) The glycolytic enzyme produces NADH+ and carbon dioxide from pyruvate. The allosteric control of the glycolytic enzyme is controlled by the amount of NADH produced. The NADH+ and carbon dioxide tricarboxylic acid cycle and become NADH+ and FAH2 The higher concentration of NADH, will lead to more electrons being contributed to the electron transport cycle, increasing the hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which would lead to an increased production of ATP.

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is split to form the pyruvate, and this occurs through a series of small reactions. First, ATP converts to ADP by breaking off a phosphate group which is added to the glucose. This is a phosphorylation reaction. Phosphate is high in energy and destabilizes the glucose molecule.

The link reaction Pyruvate passes by active transport from the cytoplasm through the inner outer membranes of mitochondrion into the mitochondrial matrix. Here pyruvate is decarboxylated that means carbon dioxide is removed ,Dehydrogenated and combined with co enzyme A to giv acetyl co enzyme a Hydrogen removed from pyruvate is transferred to NAD Pyruvate+CoA+NAD acetyle Co A+CO2+recuded NAD That acetyl coenzyme A enters the krebs

In particular, bench 2 was assigned pyruvate concentrations of: 14.08 mM, 7.04 mM, and 2.81 mM. Using a pipette, 1 ml of 5.0 mM NADH stock solution (in a 50 mM Tris buffer) and 1 ml of 14.08 mM pyruvate stock solution was added to a clean spectrophotometer reaction tube. The tube was gently wrapped with a kimwipe to allow the treatment to reach room temperature. The tube was placed into the spectrophotometer in order to retrieve a stabilized initial absorbance value. The tube was removed and 1 ml of LDH enzyme solution was added to it. The stopwatch was started immediately after the enzyme was added.

The enzyme is the malate dehydrogenase. That is the last reaction of the cycle. At the end of this cycle we have two molecule of CO2, one molecule of ATP, three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2. The reaction of the cycle is : Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi +2H2O → 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP

The first step in Cellular Respiration is Glycolysis. In Glycolysis a six carbon sugar undergoes stages of chemical transformations. In the end it is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three carbon organic molecule. In those reactions, ATP is made, and NAD is converted to NADH. The next step in Cellular Respiration is pyruvate oxidation. Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial mix ( The innermost compartment of mitochondria. ) It is

2000. Very little energy is produced through this pathway, but the energy is gained very quickly. Once pyruvate is formed, it has two fates: conversion to lactate or conversion into metabolic intermediary molecule called acetyl co enzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and this enters the mitochondria for oxidation and the production of more ATP, Robergs & Roberts 1997. Conversion to lactate occurs when the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply, so for example during anaerobic exercise. Conversely, when there is enough oxygen available to meet the muscles needs, pyruvate, via the acetyl CoA) enters the mitochondria and goes through the aerobic metabolism.

The carbon atoms from Acetyl CoA combine with carbon atoms from oxaloacetate to form a citrate molecule. The reaction is irreversible and releases amounts of energy. The ATP amount dictates the rate of the reaction inversely. The citrate undergoes dihydroxylation, then it is hydrolyzed. This results in the production of an isomer of the citrate, isocitrate.

This occurs as glucose is phosphorylated, a reaction catalyzed by hexokinase, during the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced, and is rearranged, converting it into fructose - 6 - phosphate. It is at this stage where the metabolic pathway converting fructose into pyruvate begins . Fructose-6-phosphate binds to hexokinase, or phosphofructokinase to be phosphorylated by another ATP molecule, resulting in fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate. The aldolase enzyme functions to cleave the fructose- 1,6 bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

This process uses the pyruvate produced in the previous process of glycolysis in an aerobic state. In the presence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA is first produced from the pyruvate molecule. Next acetyl-CoA enters the mitochondria and oxidized into CO2 along with reducing NAD to NADH. NADH will be used later in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP. At the end of the krebs cycle a net of 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADPH and 2 FADH2. The waste products released in this process are CO2 and H20. The 8 NADPH and 2 FADH2 are used to transport electrons to the electron transport chain which is the next step in the cellular respiration

The glucose carbon (6c) will break into two pyruvates (3C each), then one carbon will be lost in the link reaction that releases a CO2 molecule and adds a CoA the 2 carbon molecule forming Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA molecule enters the kreb Cycle. It first gets associated with oxaloacetate (4C) that releases the CoA. Two CO2 molecules are released after the reduction of 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH. Which leaves us with a new Oxaloacetate molecule that will enter the Kreb cycle again.

Soy has been greatly exaggerated as the answer to all our problems for years. Soy, in and of itself, is toxic to the human body unless cooked thoroughly and properly. There are several side affects of soy consumption, but the one I will be discussing is cancer.