Hippocampus Research Paper

Creating the world's first Z-Bomb, would have to be the most dangerous thing that could happen to humans. Turning them into Zombies, it would entirely change the characteristics of a human being and its brain. Although both living, Zombies have drastic defects towards certain aspects of the body. This Z-bomb won’t necessarily turn humans into zombies, but rather give humans zombie-ish characteristics.

involved in memory storage. The hippocampus is a place in the brain that is used to

Since it is close structurally to the hippocampus, the amygdala is involved in controlling memory consolidation, especially emotional memories; when a memory is emotionally charged, it has a better retention rate than one that is not. The hippocampus is generally seen as having an essential role in the creation of new memories about past experiences; it's even responsible for memories that can be verbalized also known as declarative memory. Damage to it result in difficulties in forming new memories and being able to access new memories formed before the

(Catherine E. Myers 2008.) The hippocampus is basically the part of your brain that allows new information to pass. If it weren't for this, we couldn't permanently store information and remember for most of our life. If this part of your brain is damaged, new information cannot enter, but information that is already passed through the hippocampus is safe.(Catherine E. Myers 2008.) This hippocampus can be damaged as a result of near drowning, epilepsy, early stages of Alzheimer's disease, hypoxia, and even normal aging. (Catherine E. Myers 2008.) Anterograde Amnesia can also cause damage to the basal forebrain. The basal forebrain is "a group of structures which produce acetylcholine, a chemical which helps cells in the brain store new information during learning." The basal forebrain can be damaged if the anterior communicating artery which basically is the supply blood line of basal forebrain is affected. The third thing Anterograde Amnesia can damage is the diencephalon which is a "set of structures deep in the brain including the medical thalamic nuclei"(Catherine E. Myers 2008.) There

Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are

The brain develops in such a way that it leaves itself vulnerable to these negative influences. The prenatal brain develops an overabundance of neurons, some of which are then carefully eliminated before age 4 (5). In a process similar to this, the amount of synapses between neurons is built up during early childhood and then pruned back for the next 30 years of life (5). These two processes are both disturbed by elevated levels of stress hormones (5). The two centers of the brain with the most postnatal changes, including the growth of new neurons after birth, are the hippocampus, which is part of the limbic system, and the cerebellar vermis (6). The hippocampus is in charge of creating and retrieving memories, working together with the other parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala, which records the emotions for each memory. The vermis controls the production and release of two of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine (6). Both the vermis and the limbic system have higher concentrations of receptors for the stress hormone cortisol than anywhere else in the brain (6). Due to this fact, these still-developing areas are the most vulnerable to the damage done by elevated levels of stress hormones.

Primary hippocampal and cortical cultures were prepared from the brains of embryonic day 18-21 CD1 mice (Jackson Laboratories). Housing, animal care and experimental procedures were consistent with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Scripps Research Institute. Cells were plated at a density of 15-20K per well on poly-D-lysine-coated (0.1 mg/ml) 96-well plates, according to procedures described previously (Liu et al, 2014). Briefly, isolated hippocampi and cortices were digested with 0.6 mg/ml papain in 1× HBSS at 37°C for 15 min. Dissociated cells were plated in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin mix and grown in Neurobasal medium supplemented with 2% B27 (Invitrogen), 0.5 mM glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin mix at 37°C in 5% CO2. At 4 days in vitro (DIV4), one half of the media were removed and replaced with an equal volume of fresh media and the same protocol for medium change was performed every 4 days.

A Review of " Intrinsic Hippocampal Activity as a Biomarker for Cognition and Symptoms in Schizophrenia"

As a human get older, many of the organs will deteriorate and lost the functions. Out of all of the organs, our brains are extremely vulnerable to the process of aging. In the article of “Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice”, the researchers leaded by Saul Villeda in University of California, San Francisco, focus on the study of physical and functional property of the hippocampus in mice. Hippocampus manages the learning and memory process. However, it is extremely sensitive to aging and shows many down regulations as the brain ages. The study had also revealed the important role of Creb, which maintain hippocampus properly functional and healthy. Two different assays were used to study the role of Creb in the cognitive function and synaptic plasticity which includes testing hippocampus-related memorizing and learning processes and measuring the dendritic spine number and synaptic plasticity.

“Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes. These neurons, which produce the brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, break connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die. For example, short-term memory fails when Alzheimer's disease first destroys nerve cells in the hippocampus” (Alzheimer’s Association Foundation.) The destruction of the hippocampus is very serious because the hippocampus is a structure in the brain’s limbic system that plays an important part role in memory (Ettinger 91.) Its is responsible for forming organizing and storing memories.It connects the memories to structures and senses like smell and sound. “The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped paired structure, with one hippocampus located in the left brain hemisphere and the other in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus acts as a

If my hippocampus was permanently damaged to the point where I could no longer make new memories, my life would be severely altered. I would no longer be able to hold the job that I have or do things on my own without someone constantly watching over me and being a handler for me. I couldn’t go shopping on my own, for being unable to recall what I needed to buy in the first place. I couldn’t drive a car, for I would forget where I was going. Right now, I am going back to school to pursue a new career in nursing.

Chronic stress is known to cause detrimental effect on various forms of learning and memory. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a crucial role in modulation of stress and related physiological effects including learning. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of excitotoxic lesion and temporary inactivation of the BLA on chronic stress-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning using partially baited radial arm maze task. The principal neurons in the BLA were either ablated using ibotenic acid or temporary inactivated using lidocaine prior to chronic immobilization stress. Chronically stressed rats showed impaired spatial learning with declined percentage correct choices and enhanced reference memory errors. We also observed the enhanced working memory errors although it was not consistent during all the blocks. The neurotoxic lesion and temporary inactivation of the BLA prior to stress prevented the impaired spatial learning with an increase in percentage correct choices and reduction in reference memory errors compared to stress group. During the retention, lesion and inactivation of BLA prior to stress, was able to preclude the chronic stress-induced enhanced reference memory errors and poor performance. Interestingly, stress-induced spatial learning deficits were associated with enhanced plasma corticosterone levels, which were partially prevented by the neurotoxic lesion and temporary inactivation of the BLA. Further, the partial reductions in plasma corticosterone levels were correlated with prevention of spatial learning and memory deficits. These results demonstrate that amygdala modulates chronic

Doctors and scientists dispute the exact role of the hippocampus, but agree that it has an essential role in the formation of new memories about personally experienced events. Some researchers prefer to consider the hippocampus as part of a larger medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for declarative memory. When a long-term, declarative memory is made, certain neuronal connections in the temporal lobe are strengthened, and others are weakened. These changes are fairly permanent, however some may take weeks or months before they are complete

The hippocampus is is involved with serious mental illnesses, such as severe depression and schizophrenia, as well as Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s attacks the hippocampus first and most harshly before other parts of the brain, causing confusion and loss of memory, and during severe depression the hippocampus appears to shrink. The hippocampus shrinkage isn’t permanent and can be reversed with effective treatment.