Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

Infection is when foreign bodies such as bacteria, fungi and parasites invade your body these germs can cause disease and can even lead to amputation or even death in the host body. An infection may cause no symptoms or it may cause symptoms where you become really symptomatic and be hospitalized.

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infection, pneumonia or bone infections. Though it can cause infections it is part of the normal human flora it is mostly found on the skin or in nasal cavities. It is a facultative anaerobic gram positive cocci, it is usually in pairs or clusters. The bacterium is also catalase positive, oxidase

- wounds and breaks in the skin (pathogens enter the body through mucus membranes, nose, mouth, gut, genital urinary track - catheters, or wounds like surgical incisions which can cause e.g. MRSA).

Osteopetrosis is a rare, genetic disease that causes extremely dense and brittle bones. This is because individuals affected with osteopetrosis do not have normal osteoclasts, which bones need to work correctly. Healthy bones require properly functioning osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for making new bones and osteoclasts are bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption, which is the breaking down of bones and providing space for new bone marrow to grow. An individual with osteopetrosis has osteoclasts that do not function properly, therefore their bones are not healthy (Stocks, Wang, Thompson, Stocks, & Horwitz, 1998).

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones also known as ‘brittle bone disease’.

Osgood-Schlatter, or osteochondrosis, is a disease that occurs on the upper part of the shinbone, just below the knee. There is a painful bump called the anterior tibial tubercle that swells in this area. Fortunately, this disease does not endanger one’s life. Osgood-Schlatter affects adolescents whose legs are still in the process of growing during puberty.

Osgood-Schlatter; Robert Osgood and Carl Schlatter independently described this painful overuse condition of the tibial tuberosity in 1903. “The Osgood-Schlatter disease is common in active adolescents, possibly caused by multiple small avulsion fractures from contractions of the quadriceps muscles at their insertion into the proximal tibial apophysis.” (Ilgen, 2013, p. 1). When a child complains about the pain and swelling under their patella, it’s suspected that the juvenile may have Osgood-Schlatter (Moore, 2012).

Cellulitis: Diffuse inflammation of the soft or connective tissue due to infection, in which a thin, watery exudate spreads through the cleavage planes of interstitial and tissue spaces. The most common cause of cellulitis in children is Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes . The complications include abscess formation (e.g., peritonsillar abscess), Arthritis, osteomyelitis, or lymphangitis. it is important to take location in to consideration because it can affect

Bacterial infective arthritis is an infective arthritis. A deep wound that penetrates a joint is a direct source of bacterial infection. But usually the infection is elsewhere, in a cut or abscessed teeth or boils, in a sickness caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Proteus bacteria. The arthritis these cause is accompanied by high fever and chills. Gonorrhea, a sexually

After microorganisms enter the patient’s body they can go to the lungs and cause pneumonia. Central line-bloodstream infections occur when microorganism enter the bloodstream by the intravenous line. Microorganisms are transfer into the blood stream by inadequate hand hygiene or improper intravenous fluid, tubing, and site care practice. Multidrug-resistant organisms can cause infections of the blood, skin, or organ systems. These infections can arise due to the overuse or misuse of antibiotics, which can result in the microorganisms becoming more resistant to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus and Clostridium difficile are examples of this kind of infection. Health care employees need to know the different types of hospital acquired infections and how they are spread to be able to effectively prevent them.

Bones can become infected with Osteomyelitis through the blood stream by an open fracture or surgical wound. “Only two out of every 10,000 people acquire Osteomyelitis in a lifetime. The condition affects children and adults but in different ways. Certain conditions and behaviors can weaken the immune system increasing an individual’s risk of obtaining Osteomyelitis such a diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, hemodialysis, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV/AIDS, sickle cell anemia, or a lack of blood supply (www.wedmd.com). In children, Osteomyelitis is usually acute and very easy to treat showing signs in the bones of the arms and legs. In adults, Osteomyelitis can also be acute or chronic and can persist due to a reoccurring medical

Osteomalacia may be asymptomatic and present radiologically as osteopenia. It can also produce characteristic symptoms, independently of the underlying cause, including diffuse bone and joint pain, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking .

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of septic arthritis and orthopedic infection, in particular those developing on prosthetic joints after arthroplasty. Joint infections can cause prolonged disability and increased health care cost, due to prolonged antibiotic treatments, multiple surgeries, and in some cases joint fusion. If there is rejection of treatment, these infections can cause significant morbidity, including loss of limbs, systemic infection, and even death.

They have diminished inflammatory response even when extreme soft tissue and bone infection are present. Identification of foot infections in the patient with diabetes mellitus requires vigilance because the signs of infection may not be present ( Baranoski and Ayello, 2003,p.327). The most common bacteria found in non-limb threatening infection are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. These infections should be treated with oral antibiotics. If the limb is threatened with the infection, parenteral antibiotics and surgical debridement of necrotic tissue needs to be executed. Most limb threatening infections are polymicrobial. Staphylococcus aureus, group B atreptococci, Enterococcus, and facultative Gram-negative bacilli are the major pathogens involved in these types of

Bacterial infections are associated with diseases: strep throat, tuberculosis, staph skin infections, urinary tract, bloodstream infections