Health Belief Model

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors (Glanz et al, 2008). This model focuses on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The Health Belief Model motivates people to take action. The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action using six key constructs: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy (Glanz et al, 2008).

The second leading cause of death related to cancer in the United States is colorectal cancer. The VA medical center has made it a priority to screen veterans 50 years and older via a fecal-occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy, and/or colonoscopy. The VA tracked the number of FOBT cards given to patients and how many were returned. The demographics of those who did not return the cards include: non-Caucasian patients, women, smokers, those living in rural areas, patients with health literacy issues, and patients with cognitive conditions associated with age (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014).

Out of all the vaccine preventable diseases, pertussis challenges most infectious diseases in severity and importance in children. In 2014, the incidence rate of pertussis in the United States increased by 15%, with almost 33,000 cases reported (Centers for Disease Control, 2015). The bacterium that causes this illness attacks an unprotected immune by attaching to the lining of the respiratory system. After initial attack, begins the release of the toxins that prohibit the respiratory system from working functionally. Because of this, mucus builds up in the lungs, causing an uncontrollable cough that makes breathing difficult (Tan et al, 2005). This illness is very contagious and almost always deadly in children. However, it can be prevented with proper vaccination. This problem can be addressed with the Health Belief Model (HBM), which encourages preventive health actions in order to prevent unwanted adverse conditions, with the idea that action depends on the value and expectancy of the behavior.

In the 1950’s the health belief model (HBM) was introduced to explain why people who are healthy, continue to participate in activities that keep them free of illness; while others neglect to be involved with healthy activities (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2015). PubMed was used to find this article with the limitations of an article written in the last five years, humans, and English; the Mesh words used was health belief model. The article Applying the health belief model to college students’ health behavior, written by Kim, Ahn, and No, in 2012, reviews the study done to explain the use of HBM on college students and healthy students. This paper will discuss the use of the health belief model, in college students, to determine if their knowledge of nutrition will affect their healthy behaviors.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it is stated that “every 40 seconds, someone in the U.S. has a stroke” (“Stroke,” 2018). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, which include coronary heart disease, stroke, and other related conditions. There are various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with heart disease, such as age, family history, diet, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and more (“2016 Community Health Assessment,” 2017). About 795,000 people suffer from stroke each year and it is more common among the elderly, ages 65 years and older, in the United States (“Stroke,” 2018). The consequences of stroke can be detrimental,

The Health Belief Model (HBM) of health behaviour change was originally developed in the 1950s in order to understand and explain why vaccination and screening programs being implemented at the time were not meeting with success (Edberg 2007). It was later extended to account for preventive health actions and illness behaviours (Roden 2004). Succinctly, it suggests that behaviour change is influenced by an individuals’ assessment of the benefits and achievability of the change versus the cost of it (Naidoo and Wills 2000).

Write about the propaganda posters of the Forties and Fifties –their purpose is obvious; but do they work? If so, why? If not, why not?

Project work plan and researcher role Effect of an Educational Program Based on Health Belief Model about osteoporosis prevention on Knowledge and Health Beliefs of Saudi women Introduction Osteoporosis, a common bone disease and a main public health problem around the world, is characterized by low bone mass and degenerative changes to skeletal bone tissue microstructures. It affects both men and women, but the disease is more prevalent among women (Zhang et al., 2014). According to the international osteoporosis foundation, the annual rate of fractures caused by osteoporosis and related costs will increase by about 50%, by the year 2025 (Sabin, and Sarter, 2014). A very recent study conducted in Saudi Arabia has shown that the prevalence

The “Every Woman Matters” program(EWM), is one of many government funded programs aimed at providing preventive maintenance and screening to populations considered more at risk and less likely to seek care(Backer, et. al. 2005). EWM provided women with a “clinical breast exam, mammography, and paponicolaou smear test at reduced or no cost”, it also provided the providers with assistance and incentives for participation(Backer, et. al. 2005). In the United, poor, uneducated males are the least likely

When evaluating the success of the program plan, averages were taken per group for the pre-test and a post-test after the presentation took place. With a total of 39 participants placed into four groups to each be given a pre-test before any education was performed and a post-test following the presentation. Below is a chart with the results of the pre-test and post-test averages:

Both the health belief model (HBM) and theories of reasoned action/planned behavior (TRA/TPB) are two model that has their root from psychology. Both models rely on social cognition as a mechanism to change individuals’ behaviors. Opponent criticizes the models for being unable to target social influence outside of an individual and overlook difference between target audiences.

The Health Belief Model is commonly used for health promotion and health education. Its’ underlying concept is that health behavior is explained by perception of the disease and the strategies available to lower its occurrence. There are four perceptions of the HBM, which are perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers. In addition to that, more constructs are added to health belief model that includes motivating factor, cues to action and self-efficacy. Each of these constructs in combination or individually, could be used to determine health behavior. The HBM also provides guidelines for the program development allowing planners to address reasons for non-compliance with recommended health action. The health belief model is a process used to promote healthy behavior among individuals who may be at risk of developing adverse health outcomes. A person must gauge their perceptions of severity and susceptibility of developing a disease. Then it is essential to feel vulnerable by these perceptions. Environmental factors can play a role as well as cues to action such as media, and close friends. In order to determine that taking action will be meaningful, the benefits to change must be weighed, against the barriers to change behavior (Green & Murphy, 2014).

When considering health psychology it is important to recognise the various models it is made up of. The basis of this essay will be to take a look at the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour, considering their historical origins, the positives and negatives of applying these approaches and examples of when they have been used. After some analysis it may offer some insight into possible improvements that could be implemented from further research. Also included will be an overview of how the models compare to each other and critical evaluation of research from this field.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Services to better understand the widespread failure of tuberculosis screening programs. Today it continues to be one of the most widely used theories. Research studies use it to explain and predict health behaviors seen in individuals. There is a broad range of health behaviors and subject populations that it is applied in. The concepts in the model involve perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals being studied create an understanding of their

After projects are designated, they are officially sanctioned utilizing a record described as a project charter. Should the company decide to outsource the work to an external resource to complete the undertaking, it will prepare a record entitled a request for proposal (RFP); subsequently, interested outworkers present their proposals for the consumer, who afterwards chooses which free-lancer to hire to complete the project and signs a contract with the designated contractor. (Gido, J., 2015)