Haplogroup X History

The Ice Age froze most of the oceans into glaciers and the lowered sea levels uncovered a bridge connecting Eurasia and North America. Animals that migrated crossed this bridge and Asian hunters followed them into N.A.People kept coming in via the Bering land bridge for 250 years.

About 225 million years ago, according to the theory of “Pangaea,” the world was once a single supercontinent that contained all the dry land. Approximately 10 million years ago, North America was shaped by the majestic Canadian Shield. About 2 million years ago, in North America, the grand glaciers laid the land of Canada and the United States, southbound as far as from Pennsylvania all the way to the Pacific Northwest. Recently, about 135 million to 25 million years ago, four massive ranges—the Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, the Cascades, and the Coast Ranges, arose in western North America. About 35000 years ago, the ancestors of the Native Americans, the nomadic Asian hunters, first

Indians arrived in America some 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. Archeological findings and Radiocarbon testing suggested that the prehistoric people who populated the Americas were hunters following the herds of wooly mammoths. They walked from Siberia across a land bridge into Alaska. They headed south toward warmer climates, slaughtering the mammoths as they went. As the glaciers melted, the oceans rose and covered this land bridge, creating the present-day Bering Strait and separating Alaska from Russia. By the time Christopher Columbus arrived, they were millions of what might be called First Americans or Amerindians occupying the two continents of Americas. The first noted documentation of the Beringia theory of the peopling of North America was by Jose de

o Scientific evidence shows that there are close genetic similarities between Asians and Native Americans.

According to the standard accepted theory, the Clovis people were the first inhabitants of the Americas. The Clovis people crossed the Beringia land bridge during the period of the last ice age, from there they spread across the Americas through an ice free-corridor. However, recent finding have suggested that the first people did not walk to America but came by boat. This paper will examine evidence found in Haida Gwaii and other sites along North and South America that supports a different view of human migration to the Americas, the coastal migration theory.

This land bridge was over 600 miles wide was present for thousands of years and that there was life here as it had its own flora and fauna. While the Bering Land Bridge Theory does not directly challenge Traditional Native American history, the Beringia Standstill Theory does. This theory implies that the Native Americans ancestors were not originally from North America. The idea is that the Native American’s ancestors originally were from Northeast Siberia. The Siberian people lived there for tens of thousands of years before the ice age, but after the ice age took effect the Siberian people began to abandon the region some going south towards the mainland while others went north away from the mainland. The split occurred roughly 23,000 years ago and the Siberia people who went North away from the mainland settled on the Bering Land Bridge. Because this land bridge known as Beringia had flora and fauna the living conditions here were suitable for settlement and so these people did so for over 5,000 years. Approximately 18,000 years ago, the Bering land Bridge began to melt and is believed to have completely melted away about 12,000 years ago. With the end of the ice age near the inhabitants of Beringia were forced to migrate as massive flooding began

The following is a Haplogroup chart showing the sample, where it was collected, haplogroup, and ancient origin. Please note that the samples I collected, and that yielded a haplotype, are highlighted in yellow.

Some researchers believe the Out Of Africa expansion took a southern route, following the Indian Ocean coastal boundary down in to Indonesia and finally into Sahul (Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, 2013; Derricourt, 2005; Field and Lahr, 2005). However, genetic testing of aboriginal inhabitants of Sahul favors a combination of southern and northern routes. The northerly migration path traversed through the Altai Mountains, and shows a consistency with Denisovan genetics (Cooper and Stringer, 2013:321; Davidson, 2013:3). Modern human gene flow with Denisovans is believed to have occurred in the mainland area of Asia, before migration to Sahul (Cooper and Stringer, 2013:322; Reich et al.,

originally came over to North America via the Bering Strait at a time when the

The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 30,000 years ago.[10] Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas.

During the Ice Age the people moved to warmer climates traveling the coastline from Serbia to Alaska and going southward along the Pacific Coast.

The blood grouping systems commonly used include the ABO system that was first described by Karl Landsteiner. The discovery of blood grouping systems helped to avoid unnecessary death emanating from blood transfusion. The basics of blood grouping systems lie behind the inheritance of genes. The possession and inheritance of blood groups attribute to the parents who combine alleles responsible for the blood groups. The parents thus play a pivotal role in determining the blood groups of the offspring. This paper will work towards the discussion of inheritance of human blood groups.

Founder effect (or founder event) refers to the effect on the resulting gene pool that takes place when a newly isolated population is founded by a small number of individuals possessing limited genetic variation relative to the larger population from which they have migrated. This great reduces the population, and since the genetic variation is limited, the genetic diversity within that population is also reduced. One situation where this type of genetic drift occurs is that concerning the blood types of Native Americans. The first settlers of the Americas have probably arrived by crossing the Bering Strait land bridge around 20,000 years ago and have gradually moved from North America to South America. In the present time, it is very rare

The purpose of this research study was to find out that consumers who drink beer and who shop at grocery stores which sell beer, will buy different or more food products items, will trial different beers and will buy beer more frequently from grocery stores. Additional objective was to find out if beer drinkers and grocery store shopper will buy beer from grocery store which sell beer as it offers more convenience than buying beer in small pack sizes from the Beer Store or the LCBO. The results of the survey stated that more people will support beer in grocery stores and they will buy their groceries from grocery stores which carry beer and that they will also purchase beer from that grocery stores. The results said that consumers will expect deals on food items if they buy beer from that grocery stores and frequently purchase food items from that grocery store. So if the grocery store have beer in their stores their other products sales will increase and generate more traffic resulting in more sales and at the same time the beer sales will also increase. The results also stated that many consumers who buy and drink beer will prefer to buy their beer at grocery stores as they believe it will be a one stop shopping for both beer and groceries, more respondents believed that it will be convenient

During the 1970s, the Business world became aware of damages engendered by the human activity, in particular environmental damages. For this reason appeared the notion of « sustainable development » in the Brundland report (1987). This notion can be defined as the mean to assure the development of the current generation without compromising the development of future generations. The Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) are in a sense the contribution of companies to respect the stakes of the sustainable development. According to Carroll (1983), “corporate social responsibility involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding, ethical and socially supportive”. The Corporate Social Responsibilities of companies is a sort of self-regulation based on social, environmental and economic concerns. This match the “triple bottom line” theory: “People, Planet, Profit”. Over the years, Corporate Social Responsibility expanded and became very important in the Business organisation and a large number of companies take part in CSR initiatives. In 2004, approximately 90% of the 500 best performing companies according to Fortune magazine had invested in CSR efforts.