Gsk 3 Regulates Dna Methylation

The association between Wnt and bipolar disorder has recently been supported by biological evidence that increasing the levels of GSk-3β reverses the effects of lithium in the body. This is a direct explanation of how lithium and other drugs are effective in the treatment of bipolar patients.

Finally it was found that a total of 62.1 % to about a 74.7% of the human genome was covered by either proceed or by the help of primary transcript.

Lithium is the medication most extensively used to treat the mania and depression of Bipolar I. Marketed under the brand names of Eskalith or Lithobid (Martin, 2011), Lithium is often prescribed as maintenance therapy due to its highly-reported success in reducing the frequency/severity of mania, preventing mania, lessening depression and reducing the risk of suicide (Wyatt, 2011). What is more, researchers have found that the earlier Lithium is used, the higher the reduction of morbidity among

In the second paper, “Novel RNA Modifications in the Nervous System: Form and Function,” Lee discusses the role of several novel RNA modification in the physiological setting of the nervous system. RNA editing plays a major role in many pathologies; for example, loss of normal function in an m6a demethylase, FTO, has been connected with cancer, ADHD, and Alzheimer’s. Other RNA modifications are necessary for proper development of the central nervous system. NSUN2 is an m5C RNA modification heavily implicated in embryogenesis, especially in the brain. Mutation of the NSUN2 gene is correlated with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism. The aforementioned A-to-I RNA edit is also enriched in the brain, and is necessary for the proper function of genes such as GluA2, which without modification leads to postnatal death. GluA2 is also implicated in glutamate reception by neurons, and consequently in the mechanisms of addiction. Furthermore, A-to-I RNA editing failure been linked with several chronic diseases, including

Lithium Carbonate is the most commonly drug that is prescribed for treating bipolar disorder (May, Hickey, Triantis, Palazidou, & Kyriacou, 2015). It works as a mood stabilizer that significantly reduces excessive behaviors and suicidal tendencies. However, the way that lithium exerts its impact on mood is still unknown. One study suggests that key of lithium therapeutic actions are the neuroprotective effects (Malhi, Tanious, Das, Coulston, & Berk 2013). For instance, lithium has been demonstrated to decrease the oxidative stress that involves in multiple episodes of mania and depression. Other study recommends that lithium stabilize electrical

The mapping of human genes has allowed for certain genetic disorders to be identified according to the genes that it is affecting. This has created a map that other individuals' genes can be compared to in order to determine any mistakes or any alterations that may lead to the development of a disease. Any changes in epigenetic

Lithium is an antimanic agent labeled for acute treatment and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Off-label it is also used for bipolar depression as well as non-bipolar depression as an addition to standard antidepressant therapy. Although the exact mechanism of action is still unknown, it is thought to influence reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine. Lithium, however, has many potentially severe adverse reactions and warnings including: heart failure, impaired renal function, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, thyroid disease, and since lithium has a narrow therapeutic index, lithium toxicity is also common. Despite the risks associated with the use of this medication, it continues to be the mainstay for maintenance

Specifically, over 1400 positively validated tissue-specific enhancers were downloaded from the VISTA Enhancer Browser (31). These in-vivo validation was tissue-specific, thus an empirical p-value was also calculated per type of tissue and enriched for neural tube (empirical P<0.005, Fig 3D). We conclude that risk-group dependent lncRNAs are a powerful metric to indicate tissue-specific functional enhancers. A “risk-dependent enhancer” was hereafter defined from the neuro-tube-specific enhancers if its locus overlaps with any risk-dependent lncRNAs.

Unfortunately the neurobiology in relation to lithium treatment is not well understood and most of the research on it is primarily speculative and theoretical, and in-turn does not offer much insight. Although, the great efficacy of this treatment does not come without a price, lithium has a very thin line between therapeutic effect and toxicity. Blood levels must be check regularly to make sure that the lithium is within therapeutic levels to avoid lithium poisoning (Jann M. W., 2014).

Epigenetics can be hereditable or environmental factors that affect the expression of genes and lead to changes in gene expression. Unlike genetics, epigenetics does not only have to do with which genes are passed down to the offspring and the DNA sequence. The environmental conditions of the offspring’s parents impact the genes in their eggs and sperms by “switching on” certain genes and “switching of” others (Dowshen). Since the genes expression of the gametes are affect, the phenotypes of the offspring will change. Even in a person’s lifetime, environmental factors such as stress, chemical exposure, and diet can continue to impact gene expression through DNA methylation. During DNA methylation, a methyl group is randomly added to a 5-carbon cytosine ring, making 5-methylcytosine and these groups inhibit transcription. (Cheriyedath). Due the fact that transcription is not possible, the expressing of the genes in that section of the DNA strand will be suppressed. The attachment of the methyl group to DNA is not determined, which means that

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major macrovascular complication of diabetes mellitus as well as the main cause of death from clinical observation. There are about 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes have died of myocardial infarction as reported. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein, which include snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, lncRNAs and others. Recently, increasing number of evidences implicate that these ncRNAs are crucially involved in many cellular responses as well as physiological and pathological processes of several diseases. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on functional regulatory of series of ncRNAs in cardiovascular disease with Diabetes Mellitus. Meanwhile,

Modification of damaged DNA seems to be an understudied subject, there is much to understand on the restoration of DNA damage, repair and DNA methylation. Genomic DNA can be modified by methylation but much of it is affected on a gene when silenced. When epigenetic modification has been implicated with cancer and aging it causes DNA methylation to also have an impact on the double strand of DNA analysis. Modification as such provoke deteriorating changes like aging found in multicellular organisms and DNA damage may magnify biochemical pathways that regulate a cells growth or control DNA replication with DNA repair. In the article “DNA Damage, Homology-Directed Repair, and DNA Methylation” written by Concetta Cuozzo, Antonio Porcellini, Tiziana Angrisano, et al. they hypothesize how DNA damage and gene silencing may induce a DNA double-strand break within a genome as well as when DNA methylation is induced by homologous recombination that it may somewhat mark its reparation through a DNA segment and protect its cells against any unregulated gene expression that may be followed by DNA damage. The experiments used to demonstration how gene conversion can modify methylation pattern of repaired DNA and when that occurs methylation is able to silence the recombined gene. When exploring the molecular mechanisms that link DNA damage and the silencing gene then there is an induced double strand break that can be found at a specific location or DNA sequence in where the

Characterization of the Lnc11.2 transcript Amplification of the 3’and 5’ends of the Lnc11.2 transcript uncovered the

This study shows that 6% of the entire annotated non-coding and coding gene transcripts are overlapping with small RNAs. Highly specific subcellular positioning is found for both unannotated & annotated short RNA.