Toxin
Gliotoxin
One of the most well-studied secondary metabolites produced by A. fumigatus is gliotoxin, Gliotoxin (C13H14N2O4S2) is a member of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) class of toxins, characterized by the presence of disulfide bridge across a dioxopiperazine ring (Gardiner 2005). Biosynthesis of Gliotoxin occurs due to the condensation reaction of serine and phenylalanine amino acid which is catalysed by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) [ Gardiner 2005] The studies have shown that 96% of virulence caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is due to the presence of gliotoxin which facilitates fungal growth and colonization of host tissue through initiation of a local or generalized immunosuppression mechanism. The various role
The goldenrod gall fly (or Eurosta solidaginis) is a parasite whose life depends upon and revolves around the goldenrod plant. After mating, the female gall fly uses its ovipositor (structure used to inject eggs into a plant) to insert its eggs into the stem of a goldenrod plant. After about ten days, the fly larvae hatch and begin to eat the inside of the plant. The saliva of the larva contains a chemical that causes the plant to swell, creating what is known as a gall; this serves as a food source and a protective shell for the growing larva. When fall approaches, the larva digs an escape tunnel by which it will later exit the gall as an adult; however, the larva does not complete the tunnel, instead it leaves a thin membrane of plant material for protection (Abrahamson & Heinrich, n.d.). E. solidaginis larvae then pupate in late winter or early spring, and leave the gall as adults soon afterwards (Abrahamson, Sattler, McCrea, & Weis, 1989). Once freed from the gall,
Introduction Black worms are fun little critters that show us exactly what a simple vascular system looks like, one vein with a head and tail and a slow enough pulse to easily count. Their skin is translucent, so with only a compound microscope you can view the insides of the small worm. Another great quality is that the diffusion of a drug into the worms system is a quick process (Bohrer, 2006). The purpose of this experiment is to see the effect of alcohol on the vascular system of the Lumbriculus Variegatus. My hypothesis was that If Alcohol is exposed to the Black worm them the pulse rate would decrease because to humans alcohol is a depressant.
During the last decade, redbanded stink bug has emerged as a major stink bug pest species in Louisiana. The economic threat from redbanded stink bug is also rapidly increasing in the Mid-South and Southeastern region of the United States as it continues to expand its geographical range. Since redbanded stink bug is relatively new species in the existing sting bug complex, there is a lack of information about this pest compared to other stink bugs. One of the gaps in our present understanding is its potential spring hosts where its population can build up before migrating to soybean. Field observations have revealed that red banded stink bugs were present in high numbers on leguminous host like medic, clovers and vetch along rights-of-way, ditches
In 1983, the fossil remains of Georgiacetus vogtlensis was unearthed at a nuclear power plant facility in Burke County, Georgia. The discovery of G. vogtlensis was phenomenal because it directly linked protocetid ancestors to modern day whales. G. vogtlensis lived 40.5 million years ago in the southeastern region of the united states during the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch. Cranial measurements recorded a skull 12in wide, 24in deep and 30in long, suggesting a total body length of 10 to 20ft.
The new guinea flatworm is from the united states of America.this worm is native to the island of New Guinea where it was originally to have been found in. You can find these worms in tropical areas,coastlands ,planted forests, riparian zones shrubs and urban areas as well.it feeds on earthworms ,slugs and arthopods. This worm can harm the snail called The Giant East African Snail. This worm also can mainly eat mollusks and it especially likes to prey on snail. To hunt for it's prey the worm deposits itself to the bottom of a cabbage leave. It also can follow snail mucus trails to find it`s trail. It also has a infectious rate at least 14.1% and this thing usually lives on cabbage leaves. This worm not only affects the whole population of animals or a specific area this worm can affect humans as
Just last month, a deadly worm was found in not one, but four locations in the U.S. state of Florida. This worm, until recently, was documented in only twenty-one countries, most of which were island nations. Although the New Guinea Flatworm may seem as a highly dangerous predator, it is only about two inches in length and mainly targets snails for its nutrition. These worms are not harmful to humans, but they will feast on any soft creature in the soil. In order to eat snails or any critters with a hard shell, the New Guinea Flatworm latches itself onto the shell’s opening and then spits out its own stomach through the opening in its belly. This allows an acidic goo to dissolve the snail’s flesh and the worm can continue on with its meal by swallowing both its stomach and the snail.
The Stereolepis gigas, or Giant sea bass, is a fish native to California. They are very large creatures, their typical weight being 562 pounds, and their typical length being 8 feet. Aside from their size, they have big, robust heads with large mouths to help capture their prey. They have long dorsal spines that fit into grooves in their back to help them swim. Their color can vary from reddish brown, to grey, and to dark brown. Most of the time, they have dark colored spots. They have a surprisingly long lifespan, on average, they live to be 75 years or older.
Dallin Ashby, a graduated UF entomology master's student, normally spits crickets with his 11-year-old son Myles Ashby when they participate in BugFest. But this year, his 8-year-old daughter, Eliza Ashby, said she was going to try too.
Gila monster isn't just a lizard in the desert, it's a killer that is one of the two lizard that is venomous. The venom in this lizard will be explained. Also we talk about how it is made and how this black & yellow or black & orange lizard lives . we will talk about the diet. We will go over all about this beast that hides in burrows till he see smells his pray.
Cyriacus Pizzecolli was a true Renaissance man. At age 30 he felt the calling preserve the history around him that he saw being ruined right before his eyes. As an international trader and traveler he knew first hand why the ancient remains were being destroyed, wether it be from poor construction and improper maintenance to people stealing the items. He had a passion for preserving ancient history few others shared, and he knew that if he didn't do something to preserve it, no one would. When Cyriacus “noticed” the “Arch of Trajan” in his hometown he began to wonder what possible secrets it could hold to the birth and history of his city, Ancona. The discovery of what kind of history his own town might have lead him on a life-long journey to learn the history of other cities and the stories they are able to tell.
Local nursery owners and famers in St. Louis, Missouri have listed ticks, ants, mealybugs, fungus gnats, as well as stink bugs as major bug/insect pests and have given me the following information. Interestingly enough, two of these pests (the mealybugs and stink bugs) are not local to Missouri and the U.S. Leaving them to be listed as invasive species. Both of these invasive species cause damage by surviving off of the nutrients from plants.
The topic I am writing about is the recent screwworm parasite outbreak in Florida. This is the first U.S. invasion of this lethal critter in thirty years. In at least two locations near the Florida Keys, samples confirm the screwworm invasion. The screwworm is deadly even though it looks like an ordinary fly. It feeds on living tissue and can “kill a fully grown steer in 10 days” (Guarino & Post, 2016). The only way these creatures can be killed off is with a fire that includes gamma radiation and X-rays. This creature can infect not only animals and humans, but also livestock. With the absence of the screwworms, it has saved the livestock industry over $900 million. These are a few reasons why this topic is worth considering. Many animal and
Asclepius was a half mortal, half god because his mother was a mortal making him half mortal his father was Apollo which is a Greek God. Asclepius is known as a healer and medicine man which is why the Aesculapian snake was his symbol and it is still in use as of today. The Asclepius is a staff wrapped with a snake and it is a symbol of health you see it all over hospitals and doctors offices I actually think it is one of my favorite symbols snakes were said to be divine beings and they are wise and could heal. The snake is a glossy and skinny with smooth skin and has a brown back with dark around the eyes on the tummy of the snake it is a yellowish color and it is easy for this snake to climb the tree with the
The deadliest neurotoxin I can find on the web is Tetanospasmin (other than botulinum which I already have learned about). I believe this is the deadliest toxin because it says that an ant weighs 1500 times more than the dose needed to kill an adult human. Two hundred nanograms is considered lethal, and that is a VERY small number. Tetanospasmin causes muscle spasms when it is found inside the body within the nervous system and it is produced by a bacterium called Clostridium Tetani. The reason it is deadly is because it binds to neurons permanently, and when it is bound it stops the neurotransmitters from being released from the neuron. A dose of Tetanospasmin is able to stop a neuron from releasing a neurotransmitter because it damages
Imagine living in the United Southwest in an arid climate. You drive through a field kicking up dust in a long cloud, a cloud that contains microscopic spores ready to be inhaled. Once inhaled, these spores can cause night sweats, weakness, labored or difficult breathing, and in extreme cases chronic lung problems such as pneumonia. Coccidioidomycosis, sometimes referred to as Valley Fever, is a respiratory disease that affects the respiratory system while having the ability to disseminate to other parts of the body. 60% of the population affected by this fungal parasitic infection does not receive any ill effects after inhaling and hosting the spores.1 This paper will inform you about Coccidioidomycosis and its causes, signs and symptoms,