Class Issues and Gender Roles in Victorian England
Victorian England was a period where women faced enormous financial uncertainty and social vulnerability. Due to a prevailing social construct of gender and gender roles, women of the time were perceived as the weaker sex thus belonged to the domestic sphere. As a result of this, there were very few prospects for a single woman with regards to improving her socioeconomic status other than through marriage. Jane Austen’s Emma and Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, novels written in 19th century England, both provide a lens through which the challenges of young women of the time can be observed and analyzed. Emma portrays a tenacious heroine, who is strong, intelligent and confident
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For example, in Emma, Mr. Weston and Ms. Churchill’s marriage is described as “an unsuitable connexion that did not bring much happiness” because she was wealthy and he was poor (23). Ms. Churchill “missed the luxuries of her former life [and] they lived beyond their income;” ultimately, this serves as a cautionary tale to those who dare to marry outside class structures (Austen, 24). Similarly, the influence of class structures is felt when Gilbert says “I did not know this estate was yours until enlightened on the subject of your inheritance … and then I saw at once the folly of the hopes I cherished” (Bronte, 884). Due to social sanctions that discouraged interclass marriages, Gilbert was uncertain if Helen would want him. As a consequence of this stratification, wealth remained in the hands of the elite and made it difficult for the majority of women, who were of lower class, to acquire useful social capital to improve their situation. Further exacerbating this unhealthy climate was the social construction of gender roles. The dominant belief at the time was that women and men had to operate in different spheres: the woman in the home and the man everywhere else. A clear example of this is given in Austen’s narration of her protagonist. Emma is described as “handsome, clever and rich, with comfortable disposition” yet for a young woman with so much intelligence and skill, the best she could do when bored was to play matchmaker (Austen, 8). Her situation shows how limited women were in terms of what activities they could partake in. Likewise, the social construct of gender roles is seen in Bronte’s novel during Helen’s argument with Mrs. Markham. Mrs. Markham believes that “boys should not be shielded from evil, but
Although English colonies were different according to their regions, colonists emulated English society by having similar religious beliefs and social structure. In English colonies, Christianity was sacred and worshiped. The Church of England, with authority of the Pope until Protestant Reformation, was recognized as the “official” colonial religion in Virginia, Maryland, New York, Carolinas, and Georgia (Brinkley, 2007). Colonies in various regions used the Church of England to worship the same beliefs of Christianity and Protestantism that established a emulation to English society. Likewise, gender roles were comparable. Gender roles, including childbearing women, were traditionally practiced by many colonists and their families. Since
In the 1800s, the U.S. became more industrialized and factories started to become more common. This was the beginning of the market revolution, where people buy and sell goods instead of making everything by themselves. People could trade the money they earn from working for the things they needed. As the market revolution thrust workers into new systems of production, it redefined gender roles of women in family and society. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the market revolution played a significant role in changes in gender roles.
The tragic narratives constructed by historians such as Cornelia Dayton in her article “Taking the Trade” and Amy Gilman Srebnick in “The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers” are crucial in analyzing the transformation of women’s reproductive health between the mid 18th century and the mid 19th century. Although Dayton and Srebnick’s narrations of abortions and death are based upon events that transpired nearly 100 years apart, a collective analysis of both sources creates a greater understanding of the societal perception of the woman’s role in colonial North America. Set in the context of a small New England village in the mid 18th century and the emerging metropolis of New York City mid 19th century New York City. One could argue a variety
Do you believe in gender equality? Gender equality is when one’s rights are not distinguished by their gender. Well, women in the 1700s, faced high levels of oppression. Men overpowered them in every sense. Consequently, they dealt with repression in many ways. In addition, Society placed men on a pedestal of higher importance and this perception made women look inferior to their counterparts. Women fulfilled certain nurture qualities by being caring mothers to their children, and submissive by being obedient wives to their husbands. Conversely, when stepping out of the household, women had to meet specific dress standards created by men. Women did everything they didn’t have any say over. Society placed women in a box and weren’t held up to the same standards as their counterparts, men. Both pieces like “An occasional letter on the female sex” by Thomas Paine and “On the Admission of Women Rights of Citizenship,” by Marquis de Condorcet did an excellent job antagonizing the idea that women were being treated like property and standing up for gender equality. During the 1700’s women’s rights were significantly suppressed; affecting them socially, politically and economically.
In Elizabethan times, gender roles were dominant in society. Women were regarded as the weaker sex and were taught from birth to cook, clean, and do similar tasks so they could marry and their husbands would be proud (Ram, Pham, Sok, Hamsafar, and Wilhemsen, “Gender Roles in Elizabethan Society.”). Women were expected to bear children and take great pride in being mothers (Ram, Pham, Sok, Hamsafar, and Wilhemsen, “Gender Roles in Elizabethan Society.”). They had few rights; they could not vote, choose a profession, receive an actual education, join the army or navy, or generally provide for themselves (Ram, Pham, Sok, Hamsafar, and Wilhemsen, “Gender Roles in Elizabethan Society.”). Men, on the other hand, were to provide for the women in their families, make all decisions, and have ownership of the family’s land and home (Ram, Pham, Sok, Hamsafar, and Wilhemsen, “Gender Roles in Elizabethan Society.”; Petit, “A Look at Male Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Renaissance.").. The men could vote and all actors on stage were men. In general, men had every advantage in that time period (Ram, Pham, Sok, Hamsafar, and Wilhemsen, “Gender Roles in Elizabethan Society.”; Petit, “A Look at Male Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Renaissance.").
Throughout history, gender roles and expectations of relationships have changed greatly. Literature gives insight into what life was like during different time periods, as well as what society expected from each sex and every relationship. Gender roles throughout the Romantic, Victorian, and 20th century eras evolved slowly but surely as women fought endlessly for equality in their lives and their writing. Along with gender roles changing, relationships Beginning in the late 18th century with the Romantic period, women had no social or legal privileges. Throughout the Victorian age women continued to suggest they deserve more and though changes were slow, they were put into motion with more people joining the fight. Due to the wave of feminism, as well as other progressions through these eras, relationships
Throughout history, gender roles have proven to be a persistent characteristic of societies, forcing predetermined structure upon the lives of both men and women. Even in the New World of America, gender roles followed close behind the ships of the first settlers, making an impact on the creation of the American colonies. By the late 18th century, New England’s gender roles had tightened on the coattails of both the Great Awakening, which promoted religious structure and hierarchy, and the further development of the American colonies into a more successful society. Although the opposite may be argued, including more women becoming educated and having a more important role at home, such as in will and testaments, these portraits clearly demonstrate that gender roles of the 18th century continued to be incredibly relevant and impactful. Through analysis of Dr. and Mrs. Hezekiah Beardsleys’ portraits it is apparent that gender roles were of major importance in the New England society implementing the predetermined molds of which society demanded, however, deviations from these roles were also present and significant in contradicting the usual structure of gender roles.
Women who had no claim to wealth or beauty received the harshest of realities in America’s Victorian era. Author Charlotte Bronte – from America’s Victorian era – examines and follows the life of a girl born into these conditions in her gothic novel Jane Eyre (of which the main character’s name
Gender roles were sharply defined in the 19th century. Women were expected to stay at home and carry out the domestic duties as well as taking care of the children and educate them and provide a peaceful home for their husband. Women were seen as loving and caring. On the other hand, men were expected to work and earn money for the family. They would fight wars and were seen as strong and powerful. Men had more freedom and rights, such as the right to vote, than women in the 19th century. Society had created two completely separate spheres. In the medical field, men were doctors. There were laws in many states, such as, that prohibited women from becoming doctors. Women, who decided to practice medicine in the 19th century had to struggle with much opposition because it went against prevailing ideas about women’s role in society. Women belonged in the private and domestic sphere. Men belonged to competitive and immoral public sphere of industry and commerce. The women in medicine would face accusations that they were abandoning their sphere and threatening society. Due to these arguments and the fear of economic competition from female practitioner, male medical schools and hospitals denied women access to institutions. However, Elizabeth Blackwell, changed this idea of separate spheres when she decided to take on the medical field and become a doctor. Although Elizabeth Black had a natural aversion to the medical field, her
Men and women who lived in Norway during the 1800’s both were restricted to specific roles in and outside of the household. However, rarely in the 1800’s did Victorian men and women share the same responsibilities. If they did, you may have seen the “women working alongside husbands and brothers in the family business” (Hughes, Gender roles in the 19th century). This makes women seem as if they are compared to men as “physically weaker” during the time period of the Victorian era (Hughes, Gender roles in 19th century). Also, this demonstrates how women supported men and built them up so that men could fully use all of their capabilities to be successful at their jobs. Without this supporting system underlying the men, their businesses may have
In John Osborne 's 1956 piece, Look Back in Anger, housewife Alison Porter is faced with the difficult decision of remaining in a toxic marriage or returning to live with her parents. Indeed, Alison is the archetype of the 1950s British woman, as depicted in both academic and popular discourse—meek, miserable and resigned to her fate as mother and housewife. While such a paradigm of the 1950s woman has long remained unchallenged, historians have begun to suggest that this stereotype is inaccurate and misleading, and overlooks the complexity of female gender roles during Britain of this era. When reviewing the literature on this topic, what emerges as a clear point of tension between academics is whether the 1950s was a static or a dynamic
The Victorian Age marked an era where gender made a difference. While men were able to carry on their business as usual, women faced almost complete exclusion from social and public involvement. The ideal Victorian woman had to stay at home, be morally accountable, pure, modest, and dismiss all sexual initiatives. During the era symbolized by the British Queen Victoria, women did not have the right to vote, sue, or own property. The Victorian era the gender relations of women were idealized through separate spheres, Morgan reported, “. . .
Austen’s characters challenged the expectations of a “proper lady”: to be oblivious to stimulating or serious conversion, to be subordinate in a patriarchal society, and to be complacent in their oppression. Women were expected to lead protected, ornamental lives, and to accept meekly whatever social status their fathers or husbands conferred on them. Through the portrayal of strong female characters, Austen’s heroines criticized Victorian gender politics and the conventional role of women, spearheading the changing role of women in the late nineteenth
The Victorian Era was known for its propriety, and for its social standards that could be as strict as the caste system in India. Citizens in England of low social regard faced many prejudices and limitations that could be almost insurmountable to overcome. Much like the caste system, people considered to be the dregs of society were often alienated and had little room for opportunity. In Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre, the main character, Jane, suffers social prejudice because she is a simple governess, revealing much about the social stigmas about the working class during the Victorian Era. Jane’s social status limits her not only from being with the one she loves, but also hinders her endeavor to achieve true autonomy.
Women in the Victorian era were supposed to be passive, pure, and idle; were not to be well educated; and were expected to marry. Throughout Brontë's novel, Jane Eyre learns the realities of these social expectations and directly and indirectly speaks against them.