Gaze Cueing Effect

In both articles, infants’ gazes are crucial to the experiments conducted. Whether reacting to disappearing objects in Baillargeon's article or identifying with someone of the same skin color as said in Spelke and Kinzler’s article.

1. Eyes using eye contact can inform the speaker you are listening to them eyes also enable us to read we can communicate with items such as communication boards, pictures.

In contemporary society, for example, when one is holding a conversation, the person gaze should be on the target they are speaking too rather than their forehead or ear. This is true as the key to conversation is with eye contact and getting to the point to the focus point of the conversation.

In David Eagleman’s documentary, “Why Do I Need You?” he describes the importance of social interaction in the development of our brain. It is fundamental to interact with others and work holistically because it helps our brain to grow ultimately benefiting both the individual and society. Understanding people’s facial expressions, something so quick it is almost done unconsciously, is a vital aspect in communication. Eagle man demonstrates how individual from a young age, as early as twelve months, can understand the importance of socialization from their “inborn instincts” and through the observation of others to decide who to play and not play with. We thrive from understanding people’s social signal and without it it can become very hard

In adults, three variables were used to test the other-race effect on facial recognition: orientation, face type and ethnicity. Adults at least 18 years of age and older (N = 64) were asked to recognize upright and inverted adult and infant faces. Recognition was tested using a forced-choice procedure. 4 slides were shown during a trial to make sure participants understood the instructions. Next, participants viewed 48 slides with faces alternating between adult female and infant faces; first segment each face was upright, second segment faces were inverted. The results of the study found that there was no significance between race and facial recognition. Other research conducted has shown that race does in fact have a significant effect on facial recognition.

Data were analyzed using a linear regression model where the average time taken to notice a change was used as a dependent variable, and the age was used as an independent variable. This analysis revealed that there is not a significant difference between age and the amount of time that it took any individual to notice a change, F (1, 224) = 3.52, p = .06. Results show that there was an insignificant increase of .27 seconds in time taken to notice the change between ages. Age explained 1% of the variance in time taken to notice the change in stimuli, r2 = .01.

Eye contact and shared reference is an important role in establishing communication loops when interacting with an infant because after making eye contact, is when a communication loop should be created. An example of this is when a mother makes eye contact with her newborn son and creates a communication loop by speaking, listening, and then responding to her newborn’s nonverbal behavior. An infant’s participation in eye contact/shared reference and communication loops is critical to later language development and social interaction.

Brain development is very critical in the early stages of life. The brain begins to form very early in prenatal life, however, brain development is a life marathon not a sprint. This is why brain development and emergent literacy belongs together like peanut butter and jelly. Emergent literacy is a gradual process that takes place over time from birth; until a child can read and write in what we consider to be a conventional sense (Machado, 2013). Infants almost immediately communicate with their mother after birth, their bond initially begins when the mother holds them for the first time making eye contact; this is called gaze coupling. As the child brain develops over the next few weeks the mother and baby become attached. Making eye

In today's world, we are lacking in social skills, as the technology increases, our social skills decrease. As our children grow up and develop, so does the technology, the kids get stuck behind those screens and tend to forget there are people on the other side of them and that they have feelings. One huge area kids and even adults need to work on is eye contact. When I was in grade school my teachers would say look at their nose or look above their head. Eye gaze would be a great idea to use with children that do not like making direct eye contact. With eye gazing, the child looks in the general direct of where the person they are talking to is looking at. For example, if the other person is looking at a flag, the child would have to see where the person eyes are pointing to, use that person's body to

Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that an infant's reaction to my gaze will be random. There will be about an even amount of 1 year olds that participate in joint attention while others may not. I say this because kids develop at such varying rates that a child could start to do this anywhere from 8 months- 16 months.

Gazing plays a central role in the social and cognitive development of a child. It is documented that from the age of 3 months, a child will begin to develop perceptual learning. An example of this hypothesis was tested with an actor holding a stuffed kitten in front a 1 year old. The 1 year old stared at the kitten longer, therefore the infant’s desire for what the actor was holding caused the infant to interpret the actor’s behavior as

This process requires both the sender and receiver to be actively sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal information from one another and having a mutual understanding at the same time. Firstly, the interaction with Mrs Lai demonstrated effective nonverbal communication through the use of eye contact during the course of the conversation. By maintaining adequate eye contact, the receiver was able to recognise my attention was being directed at them even though there was a significant distance separating us. Studies from Hodge (1971) states that awareness is made apparent through eye contact and allows the receiver to constantly monitor feedback from the sender, and according to Argyle and Dean (1965) eye contact functions as a compensator for distance. In addition, gestures such as slight head nodding and smiling were used moderately throughout the interaction to indicate interest towards the speaker and helped to encourage further disclosure of information. Academic work from Garside and Kleiner (1991) suggests that nodding and smiling can be used as a cue to signify attention and interest, however, this form of nonverbal communication should not be used too excessively for it may indicate lack of sincerity. The use of active listening skill is also evident within the discussion (M4). By

Being an active listener all of my life, I realized that the two things I always do when I sit down and talk with a person I care about are to lean forward and look at him straight to the eyes. Surprisingly, when I disengage with someone, I stop looking at him. That made me also think of some people that are normal, but when they talk to you, they look between your eyebrows. I was always finding it annoying, but now I can see that it is something they may need to do to avoid the distress and the overstimulation of an eye contact. However, some cultures such as the Japanese and Navajo forbid the eye contact with elder or strangers. As Kate Shela - a shamanic healer – states, looking at someone’s eyes is an active deep intimacy that frightens us, but at the same time liberates us.

While infants are still discovering most of their sensors, touch is important because “ higher levels of touch between parent and infant (e.g., skin-to-skin contact, affectionate touch, tactile game play) have been linked to secure attachment relationships, more positive social responses in infants, and positive, reciprocal parent–infant interactions..” (577). Interactions between parent and infants through touch are important to visualize whether the infant is responding to reflexes, or involuntary movements. For example, when a child is touched on the cheek, most likely the baby will respond by turning their heads toward the direction of the hand. Abnormal touch and unresponsive reflexes can link to autism symptoms in children such as unresponsive to sensory stimuli. Tactile games such as holding a toy above them can monitor whether the baby is responding back or distracted and is unable to focus. Autism Speaks, describes research done on their article, “ Eye Contact Declines Early in Babies Who Later Develop Autism” by explaining that babies are placed in front of a monitor that shows their mother speaking to them and showing their fingers and other movements to get the babies full attention. On the other side researchers are visualizing and monitoring the baby 's eyes and direction. Researchers state that, “ Such an early decline in eye

This implicit bias test applied to the issues of age; specifically whether or not the participant had implicit associations regarding young people versus old people. This particular application showed images of old faces and young faces, coupled with positive words and negative words. Upon completion of this particular test, results showed that the participant has a slight automatic association for youthful people than the elderly. These results were not surprising to the participant. All people should be treated with