Galaxy Vs Spectroscopy

Each and every one has a history to its discovery and exploration. However, three of my utmost favorite elements/molecule after reading this book are helium, and hydrogen and the combination of antimony pentaflouride with hydrofluoric acid. I always knew that hydrogen was the ideal start, giving birth to the pattern that is used in all other major elements. However, as stated below, realizing that it was truly the first real element of the universe when the big bang occurred is kind of shocking.

To start off, all the information used in this essay is from “The Known Universe” by Christopher M. Graney. Chapters 1-6 discuss a variety of topics that all fall into the subject of “The Center of the Known Universe”. The first chapter helped introduce the idea of how astronomy is as old as science. Also, it discusses the basis that science does not try to uproot religion: it simply tries to explain why things are the way they are. We must learn science for ourselves and forget everything we have been taught about astronomy thus far.

Hubble law can be interpreted as universe is expanding in all direction with a constant speed. Furthermore, Hubble’s law also contains an equation which is “linear relation between velocity and distance, written as v = Hd in modern notation” (Osterbrock). This equation can relates to the Law of Red Shifts, which is the relation between velocity and distance, as velocity increases distance also increases. Researcher also know “cosmological principle … very simple postulate that, on the grand scale, the universe will appear much the same from whatever position it may be explored … there is no favor position in the universe, no center, no boundaries” (Hubble). Cosmological principle can be interpreted as that no matter where the observer is located, they will see than same universe expansion as the observer on earth. Hubble has collected few data on the velocity of the nebulae, “the nebulae are found to be drifting about in space at average speeds of the order of 150 miles per second. Such speeds, of course, are minute fractions of the velocity of light” (Hubble). This data shows how fast nebulae are traveling in the universe in all direction. Furthermore, recent research have discovered something called the dark energy, and the result of the discovery has shown that dark energy has an effect on

As many scientists over the years have been observing, the universe is continuously expanding. The galaxy's velocity is proportional to its distance. Also, that galaxies that are 3 times as far from us move 3 times as fast too! Going back to the expansion part, the universe is just not expanding in one direction, but in every direction there exists! This observation proves that it has taken the equivalent amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position And since the universe has been continuously expanding there are more and more clusters of galaxies, this. The phenomenon of the galaxies, which are moving farther away from each other, is commonly known as the Red Shift. As light from the distant galaxies come on earth there is a significant increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched.

Throughout the years the human race has come a very long way. We have made many advancements and have mastered and discovered incredible things. Part of the reason we have become so advanced is because of the many great people who have questioned things and tried to figure things out. One thing that people have tried to figure out for many years now is what everything is made of and how it works. At first, people thought that everything on earth was made of four main elements; fire, earth, air, and water, but around 400 BCE a Greek philosopher, named Democritus1, said that he believed that all matter is composed of tiny individual elements which came to be known as atoms2. The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos2, which means “indivisible.”

After the particle era, the start of the era of nucleosynthesis began and helped to form the chemical composition that still remains in the universe today. At the end of the particle era, the protons and antiprotons were annihilated and the small amount of matter that was leftover is what the present-day universe is composed of. The leftover protons and neutrons fused together into heavier nuclei and were blasted apart by gamma rays. The era of nucleosynthesis consisted of this constant fusion and demolition. When the density dropped in the universe, the fusion ceased and the chemical composition was determined at that point. The chemical composition was about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. There were also trace amounts of deuterium and lithium

The place, definition, and composition of the cosmos has been varying across cultures throughout the history of mankind. Even today, cosmological and astronomical beliefs are changing as scientific advancements are made. Two extremely important cosmological ‘cultures’ were that formed during the Greek civilization by Aristotle which influenced generations, and that of Copernicus which took apart the Greek/Aristotelian view and shaped astronomy 16th century onwards. The Aristotelian view stated that the solar system, and the universe, was homocentric and geocentric. This view lasted for an extremely long period of time influencing various human societies, shaping religion along the way. Anti-parallel to the Aristotelian view, the Copernican model disassembled it. Copernicus showed that the solar system was heliocentric, not geocentric.

Why is the Universe expanding? What is Cosmic Background Radiation (CMB)? There are many questions asked about our Universe, which we know so little about. Scientists, in their attempt to answer these and other questions in terms of the beginning of the universe, have found one idea that seems to describe much of what we don't understand: The Big Bang Theory. Although the Big Bang Theory seems to be the best presented theory to describe the beginning of the universe, our understanding of the Big Bang, the first atoms and the age of the universe is still lacking.

Scientists can confirm that the space between galaxies in the universe is growing, but we have no real way of knowing how far they will move. We can only see about 10 billion light years out into the galaxy due to the fact that most of the light in the universe hasn't reached us yet. Although there is no way of knowing for sure, scientists believe that the universe extends beyond our horizons, and therefore believe that the space between galaxies will continue to expand infinitely.

Throughout mankind’s history, humans have placed themselves in the center of the universe. Whether this involves placing us at the literal center of the universe, as we once did in the now obsolete geocentric model of our solar system, or in the more philosophical sense, as Paul W. Taylor and Peter Singer explain in their retrospective essays, it is very difficult for us to take ourselves out of the central picture. However, both Taylor and Singer address the cause for this concept along with its falsity.

Culture is the main way people understood how the universe is arranged and “most people thought the earth was the center of the Universe. (Text 01)”. They didn’t have telescopes and was only able to observe. “This is the most natural idea in the world (Text 01)”. Over time people had different thoughts but they weren’t accepted. Most churches believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Any other views were “absurd and false (Text 08)”. Only technology could change this perspective.

Finally there was light! Okay but what about that part we didn’t talk about? What happened at the beginning? This part can be defined as the big bang. We don’t know at all what happened here; at this point our tools break down. Natural laws stop making sense, time itself becomes wibbly-wobbly. To understand what happened here, we need a theory the unifies Einstein’s relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless scientist are working on right now. But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions. Were there universes before our own? Is this the first and only universe? What started the big bang, or did it occur naturally based on laws that we don’t understand yet? We don’t know, and maybe we never will. But what we don know is that the universe as we know it started here and gave birth to particles, galaxies, stars, the earth, and you. Since we ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate from the universe; we are part of it. You could even say that we are the universe’s way of experiencing itself. So lets keep on experiencing it, until there are know more questions to

How is it possible to know that the universe is expanding? How is it possible that through Red Shift and the Doppler effect, we can know, scientifically, that there was a beginning of the universe? How is it possible that the universe functions so perfectly? That no element, no atom, no tick of time or an inch of space is off in any way? How is it possible that the slightest shift of gravity could mess up our entire world? How is it possible that we, you and I, are breathing, thinking and living in the manner we are?

Many people who live on Earth are close minded to what is really out there in the universe. They cannot even begin to fathom the vastness of it and how Earth is just a tiny little speck compared to everything else out there. From the planets to the stars and out towards the edge of the unknown, we can only see what science provides us with. From this, we know that we are nothing but a tiny planet located in a solar system of millions in a galaxy of many more in the universe.

This observation means that it has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a starting position to its current position. This observation is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this in 1929. Edwin Hubble’s evidence supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted. Third, if the universe was insanely hot as the Big Bang suggests, scientists should be able to find some of this heat left over. In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin Cosmic Microwave Background radiation which infuses the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant that scientists were looking for. Finally, the discovery of great amounts of Helium and Hydrogen lead to support the Big Bang Theory. (LaRocco)