Frequency-Following Response Paper

Pitch: Auditory experience corresponding primarily to the frequency if vibrations, resulting in giver or lower tones.

I also think about how humans and animals hear different frequencies. Someone my age in there 20 's would be able to hear the door bell ring, while someone in there 70 's may not hear it. This measures how over time our frequencies can. A dog on the other hand can hear very high-pitched

Pinker’s metaphorical expression for music was “auditory cheesecake”, explaining that he considered this function “useless[as a biological adaptation]” (Pinker 1997, p.528). Perhaps avid listeners comfort feed their minds with acoustic cheesecake, but musical knowledge presents the impact of such sweetness goes far beyond just licking the spoon. Extracting Pinker’s perspective, this essay will discuss whether music is valuable in the survival of humans. Arguments will be derived from brain imaging findings to examine its biological predisposition, adaptionist view to seek out its evolutionary status and whether the environment is responsible for demoting music.

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise to the electrophysiological auditory potentials (ASHA 2005).” Recent evidence has declared auditory processing disorders to be a legitimate clinical disorder resulting from confirmation of the link between well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and deficits on behavioral and electrophysiological central auditory measures (Musiek, F. Journal of American Academy of Audiology). An individual is likely to perform normally in tests including clicks and tones, rather than speech. There is a significant difference between the receptors for audition and speech processing. It is imperative that these disorders are diagnosed and treated early in a child’s development to eliminate developmental negative consequences.

It is intriguing how something simple as sound waves affect our emotions deeply. Igor Stravinsky’s famous ballet score “Rite of Spring” had a massacre theme with very disturbing images and surprisingly, the audience responded with a bloody riot with people even hitting Stravinsky. The second time the audience heard the music, they applauded him and to a greater surprise, the same music became Disney’s music. This transition of people’s dislike of a music to greatly appreciating piece is done by the brain. As the music repeats, the brain has the capacity to tune into to it and even adjust to that sound. When we hear unfamiliar noises that are dissonant or unpleasant, auditory cortex’s role is to differentiate the plethora of sounds and find

In the article A study of cerebral action currents in the dog under sound stimulation, Perkins focuses on the functions of the cerebral cortex in relation to animal behavior. Perkins argues that animals such as dogs are not as sound blind as they might generally have been perceived. He goes on to say that current conceptions of brain function is incorrect and new techniques and methods need to be implemented. He completes multiple experiments on dogs to prove his argument. The main focus of the experiment is to show that animal’s cortical activity varies between different intensity and pitch. Perkins performed his experiment on nine dogs and 78 different records were produced from numerous locations of the gyri with varying sounds. And it is

The video covered three main topics. The first topic was how the brain processes music. The brain recognizes a melody as a pattern. Pitch is determined by the number of sound vibrations per second, and the tone color of the instrument being used determines the amount of harmonics. If several instruments are playing, the brain picks out each by separating the pitch of the melody. The eardrum vibrates differently for low and high notes; also, the cells at the base of the cochlea register low notes and the cells farther up perceive high.

The Superior temporal Gyrus is responsible for processing sounds with the primary auditory cortex. Some areas of the superior temporal gyrus are specialized for processing combination of frequencies while other areas are specialized for processing changes in amplitude or frequency. This contributes to hearing rhythm with steady beats and fluctuations in music which is just vibrating air molecules connecting with the eardrum with different

Ward and colleagues present a series of studies to examine a group of synaesthetes who associate color with music and other sounds. This first experiment aims to compare the influences of pitch and timbre on color experience in both synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Ten sound-color synaesthetes (with the mean age of 42.4 years) and 10 control participants participated in this study. Seventy different sound stimuli that represent a range of pitches (33 Hz to 1245 Hz) and timbres (e.g. piano, string and pure tone notes) were used. Participants were seated in from of a computer and wore a pair of headphones in dimmed room. They were required to hear a sound and selected a color by using either a basic palette of 48 preset colors or a more fine-grained

Harvey Fletcher and Wilden Munson revealed, among other things, that the human ear is not linear, and is not capable of

How we determine pitch can be explained with two different theories. The Place Theory states that the entire basilar membrane does not vibrate at once so different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. Lower frequency sounds vibrate the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea while higher frequency sounds produce vibrations closer to the base. The Frequency Theory states that the frequency of firing matches the frequency of the sound wave.

In this paper we will analyze a sample recoding of my voice using Audacity, in both the Frequency Analysis window graph, and also the time domain graph. I’ll go over what both graphs above mean, and what I can tell by the composition of of my voice signal. Likewise, we’ll discuss the voice signals amplitude and bandwidth. As we analyze the graphs we will see how this information could be used to plan a transmission facility, and why we must be careful to avoid clipping. Furthermore we will dig deeper and ask the question if, 300-4,000 Hz bandwidth, would sufficient enough for a telephone system, and then finally end this paper with an explanation why do we want 20 to 20,000 Hz bandwidth in music systems today. At the end of the paper I am hopeful that the information I provide will give you a clearer picture on signal transmissions as a whole.

Over the past few decades, neuroscientists have been studying brain activity with advanced instruments like Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Position Emission Tomography .During these studies, participants are asked to do certain activities like reading, or doing math problems. Scientists have noticed that with each task that the participants do there is an area in the brain that corresponds to that activity. When researchers asked the participants to listen to music, they saw “Fireworks” or more than one part of the brain were lighting up at once while they process the sounds to identify the musical components like Melodies, rhythms and harmony and putting it back together to have a unified musical experience. After seeing the results

A particular brain function that is affected throughout the music training would be the processes of sound frequency. A study proved that even after 40 years of not playing a musical instrument, sounds go through the brain much quicker than someone without musical training. This shows that the brain is able to process sound much faster because the brain has been trained to pick out sounds,how to create sound, and how to deeply critique sound. This study showed that when older people who haven’t picked up a musical instrument in over 40 years can be tested and be able to make out sounds much faster than elders who never did play a musical instrument, because the brain is able to respond to sound very quickly. “Older people who took music lessons in childhood had a faster brain response to speech, even if they had not played an instrument in decades, researchers found.” This quote is stating that older people to had musical training as a child could respond to sounds quickly even after decades of not having the training compared to the older people who didn’t have musical training and went through the same test. This shows that even after 40 years, the brain is still able to process the sound frequencies very well because the brain became morphed to do such a positive

They hypothesized that older musicians were more efficient and robust in neural encoding of speech in subcortical-cortical pathways and that the neural representations stemmed from it would be more organized categorically and coupled stronger to behavior than non-musicians. They used a variety of speech tests such as Behavioral speech identification, Brainstem ERPs to Speech and Cortical ERPs to speech to substantiate their claims. In their results and discussion, the authors confirmed their hypotheses that musicianship had indeed boosted speech-listening skills compared to non-musicians and that the auditory neuroplasticity was not exclusive by age. From these conclusions, they provided evidence that musicianship resists the slowing/decline of auditory processing by having neuroplasticity that is strong throughout