CHAPTER-I
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain the meaning of financial statements of a company;
• Describe the form and content of balance sheet of a company;
• Prepare the Balance Sheet of a company as per Schedule VI Part I of the Companies Act 1956.
• Know the major headings under which the various assets and liabilities can be shown.
• Explain the meaning, objectives and limitations of analysis using accounting ratios
• Calculate various ratios to assess the solvency, liquidity, efficiency and profitability of the firm.
• Interpret the various ratios for inter and intra-firm comparison. define Cash Flow Statement
• know its objectives
•
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Employees and Trade Unions
Employees are interested in better emoluments, bonus and continuance of business and whether the dues like provident fund, ESI et., have been deposited with the authorities.
They would therefore, like to know its financial performance and profitability and operating sustainability.
Government and its agencies
Financial statements are used by government and its agencies to formulate policies to regulate the activities of business, to formulate taxation policies, to compile national income accounts.
Taxation authorities such as income tax department use the financial statements for determination of income tax; sales tax department is interested in sales while the excise department is interested in production.
Stock exchange
Stock exchange uses the financial statements to analyze and thereafter, inform its members about the performance, financial health, etc. of the company, to see whether financial statements prepared are in conformity with the specified laws and rules and to see whether they safeguard the interest of various concerned agencies.
Other Regulatory authorities (such as, Company Law Board, SEBI, Stock Exchanges, Tax Authorities etc.) would like that the financial statements prepared are in conformity with the specified laws and rules, and are to safeguard the interest of various concerned
1. What is the purpose of financial statement analysis? The purpose of financial statement analysis is to provide information used by the business, potential creditors and investors.
If you work this problem as a group assignment, each group member should be prepared to
This annual report consists of two parts: management’s discussion and analysis (this section) and the basic financial statements. The basic financial statements include a series of financial statements. The Statement of Net Assets and the Statement of Activities (on pages and ) provide information about the activities of the [type of entity] as a whole and present a longer-term view of the [type of entity]’s
The main purpose of the financial statements is to provide creditors and investors with a summary of a business financial activity. All statements are prepared at certain times throughout the year. The balance sheet reports liabilities, assets, and owner equity of the company. The income statement matches incurred expenses during a period of generated revenue. The statement of retained earnings reports retained earnings from net loss and net incomes from
The information found in financial statements outlines the financial activities of that company, and can help managers, creditors, and investors make many important decisions.
• Introduce and exercise tools and concepts of financial-statement analysis (including financial ratios, break-even analysis, and cash-flow statements).
The main purpose of financial accounting is to prepare financial reports that provide information about a firm’s performance to external parties such as investors, creditors, and tax authorities. Must be performed according to GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) guidelines.
Financial statements of the company are significant for the investors who would like to venture into the business operation. It gives them the insight whether the business is making profits or it is doomed to fail;
Financial statement measures the financial performance, liquidity and strength of the firm, it is important
The “financial statements are formal reports providing information on a company's financial position, cash inflows and outflows, and the results of operations” (Hermanson, p.22). There are four main components that make up a financial statement. The four parts are, balance sheet, income statements, cash flow and, statement of owner’s equity. The balance sheets role is to define the company’s assets liabilities and revenue of the business. The income statement shows the income within the company. Cash flow reviews the position of the company by cash payments and receipts. Lastly, the statement of owner’s equity shows the amount of earnings, stock and other capitals of people in the company. (Hermanson, p.34-35).
Financial statements are a very useful tool for individuals interested in the organization. Investors use the information to determine if it a wise decision to put their money into the organization. Investors need to determine if the organization has been successful and profitable and will continue to be successful and profitable. Creditors use the financial statements to determine the amount of credit that should be advanced to the organization. Employees generally do not look at the financial statements, but if a new executive was thinking of joining the organization, he or she may want to see the potential of the organization to make sure the investors are becoming a part of a successful organization. Management uses the financial statements on a monthly basis to determine which areas of the organization are profitable and which areas of the organization that needs to be discontinued or restructure to become more profitable.
have explained that the Financial statements provide asummarized view of the financial position and operations of a firm. Therefore, much can belearnt about a firm from a careful examination of its financial statements as invaluabledocuments / performance reports. The analysis of financial statements is, thus, an important aidto financial analysis.
Assets in the financial statement are always required and show useful information to investors and understand where the information comes from. For instance, accounts receivable net which the organization does not expect to collect all of the money it is due from all patients and insurers, (Finkler, S.A., Ward, D.M. & Calabrese, I.D., 2013). The bad debts become about of the money due. Furthermore, accounts receivables, net represents gross charges less an allowance for poor debts, and many contractual allowances established with those third party payers. Typically, an example of a bad debt would show charges of a large sum of money delivered from a hospital. Then, the contractual allowances from
A company prepares financial statement to provide information about its financial position and performance. This information is in turn used by a wide range of stakeholders (such as investors, banks, customers, suppliers etc) in making economic decisions with respect to respective economic interest in the company. Typically, in terms of ownership by investment in shares of the company, shareholders though own the company but do not manage it. Therefore, the shareholder and other such stakeholders to get comfort in taking sound decision need independent assurance from the auditors that the financial statements reflect true and fair view of the company affairs in all material respects. Hence, in order to enhance the level of
The financial statements are very useful to all this group of user. Explain each of them;