Explain The Four Forces Of Evolution

6. How are substitution (point) mutations different from frameshift mutations? Frame-shift involves a nucleotide being inserted into the DNA, which will ultimately cause the entire section that would be read to come out different. A point mutation is just a change in one nucleotide.

Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense.

The frequency of the sickle-cell allele in populations provide a good example of adaptation on a genetic level. Is from what the person inherits from both parents if the parents carry the gene. When it comes to demographics/culture Sickle-cell allele is commonly found in American Americans people. With geography location and climate has had a big impact on where the disease is commonly found. Mutations inherently are fairly neutral because it is different for each person. For instance, in the video “Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia” the two sibling at the beginning of the video both had Sickle Cell. Sky life, health wise is a lot better than her younger brother who had to have surgery

The four forces of evolution are: gene flow, natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. Gene flow is when two populations change genetic material. This exchange in genetic material often results from having an allele drift to fixation. Natural selection is when certain organism survive certain situations based off the traits that they have that make them better equipped to do so. Mutation is a the change in a gene or chromosome in DNA sequences in many forms that happen randomly. This change and mutation can be from substitutions, additions or deletions.

When Malaria is present and infects red blood cells, parasites can infect cells carrying defective hemoglobin which may result in death. Allele frequency changes over time depending on the pressures or circumstances facing a particular population. African populations are especially impacted by both malaria and sickle cell anemia. Depending on the impacted population, allele frequency often shifts and well suited organisms are likely to survive and allele frequencies can increase. When a population is effected by disease or other circumstances, allele frequency may decrease or change. HbA (normal hemoglobin) and HbS (defective hemoglobin) have varying frequencies and while the HbS gene is present in populations it is

3) If the current population is evolving, what type of effect is responsible for genetic drift?

Natural sources of variation include: mutations, gene flow, and genetic shuffling. Mutations are random changes in DNA that result in beneficial, harmful, or no changes in an organism. Gene flow can also be referred to as migration. It is the exchange of genes of individuals from one population to another. Genetic shuffling occurs in meiosis when alleles switch to create new combinations of genes. The steps of natural selection are overproduction, variation, competition, and selection. Overproduction is important because it keeps the species from becoming extinct and allows for more variation in offspring. Variation is what can either help the organism have a higher chance of surviving or could lower the chance of surviving.

The four factors of evolution are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. In my thoughts, mutations can be described as an unexpected change in someone's genes resulting in a new phenotype that has not been seen before. Gene flow can be described as genotype a being moved from one population to another. An example of this would be a bird with a large beak who lives on Island A flying over to Island B and reproducing with a bird with a small beak. The offspring would be the result of gene flow. Genetic drift can be described by saying how those who reproduce a lot are more likely to have those genes represented in the population. For example, take a blonde haired blue eyed couple who only has one child and a dark haired dark

Among human beings, Sickle-Cell Anemia is a particularly well-studied example of adaptation. This chapter teaches me that Sickle-Cell Anemia is a painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change shape and clog the finest parts of the circulatory system (page 57). Sickle- Cell changes their shape from the usual discs to shrunken sickle shapes. These sickle shaped red blood cell gives the disease its name. This type of disease is caused by a genetic mutation in a single base of the hemoglobin genes (page 58). It is considered that this disease is the result of when two abnormal Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that passed down from parents to child as an autosomal recessive pattern. I don't not know anyone personally with

Sickle cell anaemia has been proven to provide both those afflicted with the disorder and carriers with malarial resistance. In large populations of Africa, sickle cell anaemia is heavily prevalent due to such a high mortality rate of malaria. This is because the sickle cell trait will not be affected by the malaria disease, hence; those unaffected will survive to reproduce and pass down the gene. Statistics obtained from sicklecelldisease.org propose

Muslim immigrants have arrived to the United States of America from every nuke and corner of the sphere. The population is diverse in their own ways but each one of them bears similar reasons: Some desire to escape an old way of life, others to find a new one. Some wanted to escape violence, others the fetters of penury, or simple lack of opportunity. They have arrived with fervent hope, and often nothing more. The initial response received by them was largely varied. These new Americans found a vast new land hungry for their labor. But some, unfamiliar with these newcomers’ customs and religions, treated the new Americans as outsiders and believed they could never be real Americans. And with the events like the Gulf War and the World Trade Center bombing outpoured anti-Islamic sentiments in the 1990s. These sentiments intensified with the heinous and abominable attacks of September 11th. Muslims were being labeled as “extremists”, “jihadists”, “fanatics”, “fundamentalists” etc. They were being feared, discriminated and even harassed.

Individuals with ancestry from the outlier Northern African ethnicities fell into a separate category showing little similarity with West, East and South Africans. The group of individuals with the greatest concentration of Africans and African Americans with and without the Sickle cell disease 55% and 43% respectively, were all from the Yoruba, Bantu, and Mandinka population. A significant percentage of individuals without the Sickle cell disease gene showed high level of Caucasian ancestry than Africans with sickle cell disease, demonstrating that Africans and African Americans with sickle cell disease have less similar genes with Caucasian in their ancestry. The research showed that individuals with Sickle cell disease have a genetic background most similar to that of the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu tribe of West Africa. This is because individuals with Sickle cell disease inherit dual copies of the sickle mutation; a prevalent trait among the African populations. In the United States, sickle cell disease is common among the African American community. African Americans with Sickle cell disease have less Caucasian admixture than African Americans without the disease; their ancestry is most like the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu populations in Western Africa. These observations can be applied to the interpretation of genetic association

Frameshift mutation: is a DNA mutation that occurs when there is a change in the DNA mutation system, which triggers a change in the organism. The type of change to the organism's DNA is type of mutation.

The device commonly regarded as the first to realise widespread success in the smartphone market was the Blackberry. However the handset, referred to as the ‘crackberry’ (Middleton, 2007) after the feeling of addiction many users felt towards it, was quickly joined in the market by companies such as Apple and Samsung. The intriguing market seems to be constantly evolving and is still an emerging market subject to multiple market forces. Many economic theories can be applied to this market including Monopolistic Competition, Platform Competition along with Network Effects and Tipping Points. The market has seen the evolution of smartphones from a keyboard based device with closed operating systems into thin, touch