Explain The Biological Process Of Osseointegration

Bones are joined together by joints, most of which authorize movement between the bones. Additionally, bones are a form of connective tissues manufactured by osteoblasts, which signifies immature bone cells. Speaking of bone formation, ossification occurs in two ways. One being is endochondral ossification which is established within cartilage, is the most common way the majority of bones form. Secondly, intramembranous ossification structures the flat bones of the skull, clavicle, and mandible. Furthermore, the skeletal system manufactures blood cells, which the process is named hematopoiesis, and archives and exports

BRENDA WELLS, Administrator of the Estate of DANNY J. WELLS, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, v. VINCENNES UNIVERSITY, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF VINCENNES UNIVERSITY and SCOTT K. FONCANNON, Special Administrator of the Estate of JAMES JERNIGAN, deceased, Defendants-Appellees, Cross-Appellants. PRIOR HISTORY: Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, Benton Division. No. 89 C 4265. James L. Foreman, Senior District Judge. The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has jurisdiction over Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. OVERVIEW: The widow's husband died on October 3, 1987, while taking a ride in a plane that

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone at the distal ends of the long bones. Bone growth is the result of maturation, growth of chondrocytes, their production of bone matrix, and finally calcification (47). The growth plate is a complex structure consisting of different layers of cells, as shown in figure 3. The most immature cells, the stem cells, are found towards the epiphyseal end of the growth plate in the stem cell zone, or resting zone; the proliferating zone contains more mature chondrocytes and the hypertrophic zone contains the larger chondrocytes. The resting stem cells in the resting zone are recruited, whereupon proliferation and differentiation

Unlike engineering material, healthy bone can maintain its reliability by restoring the micro damage and remodeling itself. Bone remodeling follows two steps handled by the cells named osteoclast and osteoblast. Osteoclasts which digests the bone at a molecular level are responsible for the bone resorption. On the other hand, new bone is formed by a group of osteoblasts cell by cell. This process results bone to preserve itself and adjust to the person’s daily activity. Although bone maintains itself, the material property is changing with the remodeling process resulting bone to gain its unique heterogeneous material distribution. Furthermore, the remodeling process, not only involve with material properties, but architecture, besides. This transformation of bone occurs as a response to altered loading conditions. The transformation can be seen in osteon density, porosity, average osteonal area etc.

Bone is surrounded by a thin membranous layer of soft tissue called periosteum (Singh, 2017). When the bone breaks it bleeds from torn ends because of the disruption of the supplying blood vessels. And quite naturally the periosteum is also torn. A fracture hematoma forms and white blood cells march in to clean up the area that is injured. The periosteum is the primary source of osteoblasts, which plays a huge role in fracture healing (Singh, 2017). After the hematoma formation, the next step is callous formation with the formation of cartilage and bone and then the remodeling phase consisting of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts reshaping the bone to its original state (Patton, 2012).

Lorraine Hansberry, a famous playwright, wrote the play, A Raisin in the Sun, based on Langston Hughes's poem Harlem. The thematic connection between the two texts is how someone reacts when their dream is deferred. Mama and Walter, characters from A Raisin in the Sun, whose actions when their dreams were deferred are similar to the lines in Harlem. The play A Raisin in The Sun by Hansberry uses the poem Harlem as inspiration for how the characters act when their dreams are deferred.

Biomarkers of bone formation reflect osteoblast activity and are byproducts of collagen and non-collagenous matrix proteins ,growth factors and osteoblastic enzymes released in the circulation when bone is being formed ( Eastell and Hannon 2008). They include ALP ,bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, OC, and procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide ( Young 2012 ).

? During fetal development, the bones of the fetus are composed of cartilaginous tissue it resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and dense because of the lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces .As the embryo develops, the process of depositing calcium salts in the soft, cartilaginous tissue occurs and continues throughout the life on the individual after birth.

Endochondrial ossification is the term used for the development of new bone. Bone growth and remodelling takes place on a continual basis, ossification lengthens and thickens bone and therefore the process of ossification is used throughout life as well as during the period after bone fracture.

Bones are dynamic tissues that undergo changes need to maintain bone and calcium homeostasis through a process called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is an essential process that repairs damaged bone and maintains mineral homeostasis. This process is regulated by two main cells that perform opposite, but complementary function. Osteoblasts are the main bone forming cells that originate from mesenchymal stem cell lineage. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix which they later mineralized to form bone. During the process of bone formation, matured osteoblasts usually get trapped in the bone matrix and become osteocytes. Osteoclasts on the other hand, are the main bone resorbing cells; they resorb bone producing proteolytic enzyme and acid. In response

This procedure is known as a realignment osteotomy, and is usually only used once the growth plate has already fused. During surgery, the bone is cut to either shorten it, lengthen it, or change its alignment. Also during surgery, closing wedges, opening wedges, a dome, plates, screws, or smooth pins could be put it. One method using plates and screws is guiding the bone growth with a non-locking titanium plate that is held in place with screws. This procedure reduces growth on the opposite side. The implant can be removed if the opportunity arises (Gopakumar 67).

The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture hematoma. The blood coagulates to form a blood clot situated between the broken fragments. Within a few days, blood vessels grow into the jelly-like matrix of the blood clot. The new blood vessels bring phagocytes to the area, which gradually remove the non-viable material. The blood vessels also bring fibroblasts in the walls of the vessels and these multiply and produce collagen fibres. In this way the blood clot is replaced by a matrix of collagen. Collagen's rubbery consistency allows bone fragments to move only a small amount unless severe or persistent force is applied.

Prolonged survival of Compress prosthesis is due to a biomechanical concept of continuous compressive forces at the bone–implant interface leading to local bone hypertrophy and osseous integration into the implant spindle. Few studies talked about effect of chemotherapy on bone hypertrophy and osseointegration and discussed only the cortical width at the bone-implant interface ignoring the changes in the geometry of the whole segment at the whole compression area. Clinical correlation of increase in bone hypertrophy with patient function and relation to implant failure still unknown. So we asked about the effect of chemotherapy on Compress osseointegration based on radiological changes at the anchor-spindle area and response of bone to compression

Bone growth in length is directed by the primary ossification center located in the diaphysis and the secondary ossification center in the epiphysis of the bone. The juncture at which these two ossification centers meet is called a growth plate. As the name suggests, this is the primary area of lengthening of the bone. Cartilage cells are added to the growth plate in the Zone of Proliferation. These cartilage cells enlarge and are compressed to form the longitudinal trabeculae matrix in the Zone of Hypertrophy. The enlarged cells begin to degenerate, and the trabeculae calcify in the Zone of Calcified Cartilage. Osteoblasts secrete uncalcified bone matrix over the calcified cartilage along with blood vessels and connective tissues growing into the area from the primary ossification center. Finally, in the Zone of Cartilage Removal and Bone Deposition, the calcified cartilage is reabsorbed leaving behind the spongy bone. Where osteoblasts and osteoclasts actively remodel the spongy bone tissue to allow for growth and to adapt to stress placed on the bone. The same procedure occurs in the secondary ossification center located in the epiphysis of the bone. Therefore the bone is allowed to grow in length from the center and at the

During adoption, the parents sometimes get the choice of an open or closed adoption but not everyone gets the choice. “If we were offered a child and contact was involved and we didn’t want that, we’d have to consider another child, we couldn’t consider this one.” “No, not really, there was no choice. Well the way it was worded, I knew there would be some form of contact and that would be part of the deal. We didn’t have an option. If we’d said no, then I don’t think we would have got him.” (Smith and Logan 77) These are real situations that parents have come across with an adoption. Some parents feel an open adoption will arise complications in the future and try everything to get a closed adoption while some just agree with it so they can get the child they want. Contact with birth families can have both a positive and negative affect. In some cases, the adoptive parents agreed that the contact was likely to benefit the child, but some felt anxious about the emotional well being of the child, but they were afraid to use their voice because of the worries it will affect the child staying with them. Therefore, the parents give in only if its an open adoption and the visits can go well or can go bad and become awkward. “We were quite panicked to be honest. What are they going to think of us and what effect is it going to have on the children and it’s quite daunting going into that situation. But after the first meeting we were quite relieved when we came out not having met