Excess Reserve Money Research Paper

The U.S. banking system creates money by allocating the excess reserves from a deposit at creating a loan from the Home Bank. In other words, say I deposit a $100.00 in Bank #1, where Bank #1 is able to lend out some of my money to another customer. So, Bank #1by law needs to hold 10% of what I deposited which is known as required reserves. Therefore, the required reserves of my $100 is $10. So, Bank#1 is able to provide a $90 loan to another customer, which we will name Moe, from my $100. Then, Moe will turn around and spend that money which will eventually make its way to another bank, which we will call Bank #2. So, Bank #2 will be able to loan out $81 of Moe’s $90 yet, Bank #2 is still required to keep 10% which is required reserves, which is $9 of the $90.

Now, let’s look back into history to see how this system developed. Goldsmiths were considered the first bankers because they started storing people’s gold in their vaults. The first paper money was only a receipt for gold left with the goldsmith. Paper money caught on because it was easier than lugging around heavy gold and silver coins. In time, the goldsmiths came to realize that only a handful of people ever came in to claim their gold at any given time, so they started cheating the system. They learned that they could print more money than they had gold and typically no one noticed. They could then loan out this extra money and collect interest on it. This was the birth of “Fractional Reserve Lending”, or FRL.

The Federal Reserve increases its reserves by issuing loans to a commercial banking system. This allows the bank that is borrowing reserves to disburse credits to the public. The Federal Reserve Banks offer primary credit, secondary credit, and seasonal credit, to bank organizations each with its own interest rate. Depending on if the Fed wants to decrease or increase the interest rate can be a positive or negative effect to the public. If the rate is decreases it encourages banking organizations to get more loans. When this is done the banks acquire more funds and are able to disburse more loans the people.

Why audit the Federal Reserve? We should audit the Federal Reserve. Auditing the Federal Reserve means checking on who's using the account from them. I thought auditing meant population. There has been too many crimes for stealing credit cards to get money. There are economic crisis. That no one tries to fix, but find solutions on what to do. The Federal bank is a monopoly on money. Many people have been on debt within the Federal Reserve. This will cause them with losing everything that is most precious to them. There are many homeless that has been in debt to the Federal Reserve.

When it comes to the supply of money, different actions are taken to assure stability in our country. To ensure we are keeping consistent with the loss in value of currency throughout the years, the Federal Reserve changes either the inflation or the interest rates so that prices will be able to balance the debt amount. With actions like such, there are purposes sought by the Federal Reserve Act set toward “the Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee…: to promote… the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates” (Federal Reserve). These are a matter of acts under the monetary policy. However, today in America, we are still suffering from the continuous increase in our national debt, a problem that has been growing since the start of the new century.

Mattie Ross, a headstrong and determined fourteen year-old girl, hires Rooster Cogburn, a filthy beer-bellied U.S. Marshal, to help her on her pursuit to find and capture Tom Chaney, the killer of Mattie's father. Set in the 19th century Old West and based upon the novel by Charles Portis, the film follows Mattie, Cogburn, and Texas Ranger LeBoeuf on their journey through the Indian Territory to find Chaney and bring him to justice.

One form of direct control can be exercised by adjusting the legal reserve ratio (the proportion of its deposits that a member bank must hold in its reserve account), and as a result, increasing or decreasing the amount of new loans that the commercial banks can make. Because loans give rise to new deposits, the possible money supply is, in this way, expanded or reduced. This policy tool has not been used too much in recent years. The money supply may also be influenced through manipulation of the discount rate, which is the rate if interest charged by the Federal Reserve banks on short-term secured loans to member banks. Since these loans are typically sought to maintain reserves at their required level, an increase in the cost of such loans has an effect similar to that of increasing the reserve requirement. The classic method of indirect control is through open-market operations, first widely used in the 1920s and now used daily to make some adjustment to the market. Federal Reserve bank sales or purchases of securities on the open market tend to reduce or increase the size of commercial bank reserves. When the Federal Reserve sells securities, the purchasers pay for them with checks drawn on their deposits, thereby reducing the reserves of the banks on which the checks are drawn. The three instruments of control explained above have been conceded to be more effective in preventing inflation in times of high economic activity than in bringing about revival from a

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Even before the creation of the Federal Reserve, banks were used by the public just as we use them today. Deposits were made into savings accounts. Loans were taken out to mortgage a home or finance a new business. Banknotes were issued and spent when the public borrowed from the banks. Borrowers spent these banknotes just as paper money is spent today. These bank notes were valued as money since they were backed by the promise that they would be exchanged on demand for either gold or silver.

When the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) wants to increase the money supply, they buy up government bonds from the public on the bonds markets (Mankiw, 2009). The result of buying bonds puts money in the pockets of the public, if the Fed wants to decrease the money supply, they sell off bonds. It is generally thought that when the public has more money available to them, they will consume more. This increased consumption should lead to an overall increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and expansion of the economy.

After the Revolutionary War, many of the country’s citizens were in great debit and there was widespread economic disruption. The country was in need of an economic overhaul and the new country’s leaders would need to decide how to do this to ensure the new country did not fall apart. After two unsuccessful attempts at a national banking system, the Federal Reserve System was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Since its inception, the Federal Reserve System has evolved into a central banking system that grows with the country. The Federal Reserve System provides this country with a central bank that is able to pursue consistent monetary policies. My goal in this paper is to help the reader to understand why the Federal

The Federal Reserve System was founded by Congress in 1913 to be the central bank of the United States. The Federal Reserve System was founded to be a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary financial system. Over the years, the role of the Federal Reserve Board and its influence on banking and the economy has increased. Today, the Federal Reserve System's duties fall into four general categories. Firstly, the FED conducts the nation's monetary policy. The FED controls the monetary policy by influencing credit conditions in the economy. The FED measures its success in accomplishing these goals by judging whether or not the economy is at full employment and whether or not prices are stable. Not only

With that said the basic function of the FED relates primarily to the maintenance of monetary and credit conditions favorable to sound business activity in all fields; agricultural, industrial and commercial. Among this some duties include the following: lending to member banks, open market operations, establishing discount rates, fixing reserve requirements and issuing regulations concerning these and other functions. Each Federal Reserve Bank is best described as a Bankers Bank. In a nutshell, member banks use their reserve accounts with their reserve banks similar to the way we use our own checking account. They may deposit in the reserve accounts the checks on other banks and surplus currency received from their customers, and they may withdrawal on the reserve. Thus a bank with excess in the reserve requirements can enlarge its extension of credit (loans). However, let's not forget that the Fed has the

According to Keister and McAndrews (2009), there is a very simple explanation for the huge amounts of money being held as excess reserves by banks. In their article, "Why Are Banks Holding So Many Excess Reserves?" Keister and McAndrews explore the nature of reserves in a normal economic situation comparing it with the crisis situation "following the collapse of Lehman Brothers" in 2008 (Keister and McAndrews, 2009). Though some would argue that the amount of excess reserves currently being held would indicate a failure on the part of the policies implemented by the Federal Reserve, Keister and McAndrews argue that it is merely a reflection of the scale of the policies implemented as well as a result of the Federal Reserve now paying interest on reserves (Keister and McAndrews, 2009). Further, Keister and McAndrews (2009), assert that by now paying interest on the reserves, the Central Bank can now control the target interest rate without manipulating reserves. Additionally, Keister and McAndrews (2009,) conclude that the, 'size of the reserves only reflects the size of the Federal Reserve's policy initiatives and indicate almost nothing about the effectiveness of these initiatives.'

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