PMH – Past Medical History
Right inguinal hernia repair (2006)
Fractured Right Neck of femur and partial hip replacement (2005)
Medication
Amlodipine 5mgs OD
Over the Counter medication
Paracetamol (which he had taken when needed after his operation)
Social history
Never smoked
Only drinks alcohol on occasions such as Christmas and Birthdays
Social situation
As explained above
Family History
Only child
Father lived to 89; he died in hospital following being admitted for pneumonia. Mr Brown did not remember his father ever having ill health apart from what he describes as normal coughs an colds.
His mother died at the age of 79 from cancer of the stomach.
OUTCOME 2 Physical examination
Once I had taken a history I then went on to carry out
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Koilonychias causes flattening and thinning of the nails making them brittle. It is unknown what causes these changes but when seen should make the practitioner consider iron deficiency (Yehuda and Mostofsky,2010)
Capillary re-fill was normal and there was no sign of peripheral cyanosis. Capillary refill time is normally less than three seconds; this is the time that it takes for the colour to return to the nailbed. Increased refill time can be a sign of obstructive peripheral arterial disease or decreased cardiac output. On its own it is not a diagnostic test but can be evaluated along with other symptoms (Publications, 2007).
There was no yellowing of the fingers which may suggest smoking.
I then asked him to hold out both of his hands in front of him to assess for any tremors which can be an indicator of CO2 retention or use of a bronchodilator, nothing abnormal (Talley and O'Connor, n.d.).
Patients whose hands show signs of tremor, also known as co2 related flap, may have co2 retention, this means they are unable to get rid of co2 in their lungs, resulting in co2 retention. Seen in patients with severe chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) (Talley and O'Connor, n.d.).
I then took his
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Pale in colour can be a sign of anaemia. There were no sign of senile arcus which can indicate a raised cholesterol level.
Looking at his face there was no sign of a Malar flush but it was warm to the touch. Malar flush can be an indication of mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension, however it can be confused with butterfly rash seen in people with lupus erythematosus (Topol and Califf, 2007).
I then looked into his mouth, there were no signs of central cyanosis or dry membranes.
A bluish discolouration of the mucous membrane can be a sign of cyanosis, this is the result of unoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood (Dieckmann, Brownstein and Gausche-Hill, 2006).
He had his own bottom teeth and a plate at the top that was slightly loose probably due to his weight loss.
I then went onto examine his lymph nodes, starting with the occipital then going onto the cervical sub mandibular and supra clavicle.
The most common causes of swollen lymph nodes is infection and will normally disappear within a few days. In rarer cases it can be a sign of cancer (Magee and Schneider, 2006).
I then looked at his trachea for any signs of
I think Sally is experiencing metabolic acidosis, and the respiratory response is hyperventilation which increases loss of CO2 hence the reason she is breathing deeply and gasping. Also, if compensation is complete, pH will be within normal range but HCO3- will be low.
Patient is a 50-year-old-year-old left-handed white male who presents with his wife for evaluation of multiple symptoms that have been present since an MVA in 02/2013. At that time, he was T. boned and his car was totaled. He has amnesia for the event and is unaware whether or not he hit his head. The airbag did deploy. Afterwards, he was confused and noted significant pain in his neck and upper back. Since then, he has had multiple symptoms. He does have involuntary twitching on the right, more than left, both hands, legs, and sometimes feet. He demonstrates one of these twitches and it looks like a focal myoclonic jerk of a limb. These occur on a daily basis. He also has problems with his left thumb and index finger locking up. When he is fatigued, especially when his neck gets tight, he has some problems with word finding, paraphasic errors, and syntax errors. He did see Anthony P. Knox,
Extraocular muscles are intact. Conjunctivae are without erythema. No drainage or discharge from the eyes. There is no involvement of the eyelid and the nearest lesion is approximately 1.5 to 2 cm lateral to the left eye. He does have multiple vesicular lesions, some of which he has rubbed and no longer have the vesicle and appear to be just almost shallow ulcerations. This extends along the temporal area, on the left side into the ear canal itself and I do see similar lesions in the ear. Again, many of which have been ruptured and there is dried blood all through the canal as well. There is no other abnormality noted. There is no wax. I can see the TM. It does not appear to be involved. There is no involvement behind the ear. No pain at the mastoid process. Mucous membranes are moist. There is no mucosal lesions. No
The final system of the body I examined was the digestive system. This is known to be one of the most interesting areas of the body because of the many functions the system is responsible for. This system is also home to several major organs. One major organ is the salivary gland. This gland is in the lower part of the face, as well as the side of the face under the ear along the jaw line. The key function is the gland’s ability to produce saliva. These glands are light pink, and have a few possible shapes and sizes. Following the gland, I began to take a look at the pharynx. This organ can be found posterior to the larynx, and near the nasal and oral cavities. The pharynx is responsible for assisting with the passage of food. It is a muscle like tube with the same
➢ The patient may have no respiratory problems, but may still have inhaled carbon monoxide.
Lungs: Mild end-expiratory wheezing. Pursed-lip breathing noted and has a prolonged expiratory phase. Chest x-ray shows pulmonary hyperinflation, flattening of the diaphragm; Pulmonary function test (after bronchodilation with 2 puffs albuterol—FEV1/FVC ratio 0.60 FEV1 60% of predicted value)
Her hematocrit levels could be low, along with her red blood cells being pale and immature because she isn’t getting the proper nutrition, and her over
I would question as to whether he has any allergies. The heart rate and respiration elevation, and low blood pressure can be present in allergic reactions.
Both rapid, shallow breathing patterns and hypoventilation effect gas exchange. Arterial blood gases will be monitored and changes discussed with provider. Alteration in PaCO2 and PaO2 levels are signs of respiratory failure. Patient’s body position will be properly aligned for optimum respiratory excursion, this promotes lung expansion and improved air exchange. Patient will be suctioned as needed to clear secretions and maintain patent airways. The expected outcome is that the patient’s airway and gas exchange will be maintained as evidence by normal arterial blood gases (Herdman,
BB’s skin presents as pink, warm and dry. No obvious signs or symptoms of abnormal bruising or lesions present however, the patient states that the skin has of late has
The conjunctival sac should be dark pink. Pallor of any mucous membranes may indicate anemia.
No known allergies, no sinus, tenderness, no epistaxis, no bleeding gums, patient has partial dentures, one dental carrier noted, tongue is slightly coated, no swelling, lumps or tenderness noted in throat,
Comes to the office today for Botox injections. He has a very significant and rather
The frequent use of accessory muscles can indicate a respiratory problem especially if the patient purses their lips and flare their nostrils when breathing (Publications, 2007).
In this paper we will be discussing the different Nail Diseases and Disorders. Not only will we be focusing on whom it may occur in, but how it happened, how you can prevent it and the treatment that is required. Any nail disease or disorder could happen to anyone but what can you do to prevent a future breakout? While nail diseases occur in people who simply don't practice proper hygiene, people with diabetes or vascular problems often deal with our first disorder.