topic of assignment: ethnography. submitted by Umair Ijaz.
(roll Number 1 BS English 4th semester) submitted to: Sir Waseem Akhtar. date of submission: 12-06-2012.
OUTLINE
In this chapter, I shall define ethnography and describe its central characteristics and principles. I shall also look at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following questions:
• - What do we mean by ethnography?
• - What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research?
•
…show more content…
It fellows that if we want to find out about behaviour. we need to investigate it in the natural contexts in which it occurs, rather than in the experimental laboratory. Arguments in favour of field research as opposed to laboratory research are supported by studies of particular phenomena which come up with different findings according to whether the research is conducted in a laboratory or in the field. For example, Bellack, Hersen, and Turner (1978) found that subjects performed in a role-play situation very differently from the way they performed in real-life social situations where the same behaviours were observed. It has also been observed that parents and pupils respond differently to questions according to whether they are posed in school or at home.
The dilemma, as we saw in Chapter 1, is that In dealing with the problem of generalisability (an issue of external validity)and placing the research in the field, one increases the possibility of a threat to the internal validity of the research, because intervening variables may make it imoossible to ascribe a causal relation between the variables under investigation. However, not all ethnography is out to ascribe such causal relationship and so the problems which beset the quantitative researcher in a field setting become unimportant.
2. the qualitative-phenomenological hypothesis: The second hypothesis identified by Wilson is the ,qualitative
The authors used participant observation and interview to do this research. I think the method of field work that provided the most insightful information was the method of participant observation. By
Ethnographic research is the scientific description of specific human cultures, foreign to the ethnographer. Each ethnographer has his or her own way of conducting research and all of these different ideas can be transmitted and understood in a number of different ways. Because there is no one set idea of how an ethnographer should go about his or her research, conflicts arise. In Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco, Paul Rabinow uses a story like process to discuss his experiences during his research in Morocco. This makes it easier for the reader to understand his ideas then just having a technical book about the many different aspects of Moroccan life that he may have discovered. In Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of
As we begin to go on an excursion through literature, it is important to understand the concept of what an ethnography is. Ethnography is known to be a descriptive type of work that analyzes culture and customs of individual people. James Clifford has implemented this work into his studies and has influenced many others to do the same. I saw through the books I have read, ethnography makes these books become vivacious for a reader.
Ethnographic methodology provides rich and complex data (Brownlow, 2012). In the ethnographic approach a researcher joined the studied group in their natural environment, stayed as a part
It is first important to define what ethnography is because it is a prominent method that social scientists use in their research (Roy, lecture 4). Professor Roy defines ethnography as looking at culture – a methodological skill of observation in a natural setting. Chambliss was able to do this with his qualitative research at Hanibal. Qualitative research, compared to quantitative, is often characterized by a depth of information from a limited number of cases (Ragin & Amoroso 28). This type of study relies on the human component of interaction in the real world. Chambliss actively engaged with
According to Polit and Beck (2017), ethnography studies "involve the description and interpretation of cultural behavior, and seek to understand their world view" (p. 468). The strengths of ethnographic
Me: As I performed the posture test on myself I already knew that I would have proper posture. Due to the fact that when I was younger, I looked in the mirror and noticed that I had a slouchy posture. I had (Lordosis) and an anterior pelvic tilt, which made me look awful from a side point of view. I wanted to fix my posture and learned that I had weak abdominal muscles and tight hamstrings along with weak gluteus maximus muscles. As I learned how to fix my problem, I began doing exercises for those muscles for flexibility and strength gains. For my exercises in detail I began standing for a long period of time and would flex my gluteus maximus muscles and keep them tight for a period of time to strengthen them which would be for a few minutes. This fixed the slight curve in my lower back. The next step I performed was the same as with my gluteus maximus muscles but for my abs which helped keep a good posture naturally without thinking about my posture deviations and how to fix them. I could now begin to stand naturally with a good posture. The last step I did was stand against a wall with my back and neck flat against the wall and I would press my tongue against the top of my mouth to
Once the song was fully memorized I practiced it with the recording accompaniment. I learned when to come in from the piano intro and how long to wait after the different phrases and sections. There were no dynamics for the voice part, so I added them in where I saw fit based on the phrases and lyrics, and was highly influenced by a recording sung by Cecilia Bartoli at the Berliner Philharmoniker with Daniel Barenboim.
Look in the past of many photographs that I was lived in a area of big country had most
The second ethnographic method I use is searching for media stories that are related to deaf. According to the news article Police under fire for arresting deaf man for signing, a deaf man called Shaun Phuprate was arrested because he was signing excitedly and crazy (Metro Media Group). The police just saw Phuprate waving his arms, showing a V-sign, which is really rude. To avoid misunderstanding, Phuprate tried to explain by sign language, and he got more and more excited. However, the police did not listen to him, keep believing Phuprate is insulting him and arrested him. In this case, Phuprate was not in duty of anything. He is just a deaf person who wanted to explain his situation and be treated equally with anyone else. Even worse, Phuprate
The article’s determination is to offer an observation on the efficacy of story mapping. Story mapping can be utilized as a method of improving reading comprehension among middle and high school students specifically with learning disabilities. Throughout, one can read reviews on twelve story mapping interventions. These special education research-based interventions showcased story mapping intervention from the years 1975 to 2015. The results state that story mapping teaching is effective and increases reading comprehension skills. Particularly, secondary level students with learning disabilities.
In Finding your way Through the Forest: Analysis, David Fetterman expands on how a researcher can find their way through a forest of distortion, observation, theory, and data. Indeed, this article takes an in-depth look at data analysis, with a particular emphasis on ethnography. According to the article, analysis is an engaging part of ethnography, and there are many levels of analysis in ethnography. The authors state that analysis tests hypotheses and perceptions, and it is an important part of the research process. Overall, it is important for the researcher to think clearly during this process.
There are multiple characteristics of ethnographic approach. This research is considered to be more of a descriptive type research approach, that is intended for “in-depth research and descriptions of ethnic groups, cultures, large organizations, and their features” (Percy, Kostere, & Kostere, 2015, p. 16). This type of research immerses its selves in the organization or culture they are reviewing, and becoming a part of the culture, so that we can learn about it from the inside out. Therefore, this methodology often involves longer time frame for information collection, and consists of researchers returning a number of times to the location where the research is to acquire more information. Some “doctoral learners tend to avoid ethnographic studies, because of the typical long time-commitments, however, it can be a fruitful approach, even in shorter periods, for understanding the customs, culture, belief systems, and implicit rules of organizations and large groups” (Percy, Kostere, & Kostere, 2015, p. 15)
Field research is more observant than any other type of research. “Ethnography, as we defined it when we edited the Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, includes observing social activities as an outsider” (Adler, 1). Field research allows researchers to gain firsthand experience and knowledge about the people, events, and processes that they study. This can help researchers to obtain very detailed data about people and processes, perhaps more detailed than they can obtain using any other method. The disadvantages of field research include field work taking a lot of time and, like any other type of research, can be biased. The field researcher may only see what they want to see. They may only see certain things and not what happens in the background, the people may act differently when a researcher is
In addition, because of the different constraints between controlled environment in laboratories and the real world, we cannot use experiments to answer the question. Therefore, ethnography is the most suitable procedure to answer this question.