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Ethnic Identity Development

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Ethnic Identity Development Ethnic identity development of ethnic minorities in the United States has attracted an increasing attention in the adolescent development and college transition literature. A review of literature related to ethnic identity development highlights two major lines of research: 1) identity processes from a developmental perspective and 2) the content and meaning of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1989; Seller et al., 1997; Yip, 2014). Some scholars have specifically examined the developmental progression that individuals go through as they come to understand their ethnic identity and make a commitment (Phinney, 1993). Other scholars have focused on exploring the content, significance, and meaning of ethnic identity within …show more content…

Crocetti, Rubini & Meeus (2008) developed a three-dimensional model of identity formation, which includes commitment, in-depth exploration and reconsideration of commitment. In-depth exploration refers to individuals are actively exploring and reflecting on their current commitments. Reconsideration of commitment is when individuals are comparing current commitments with other possible alternatives. Unlike Marcia, this model of identity formation separates exploration into in-depth exploration and reconsideration of commitment and suggests that commitment is developed through a process of exploring, choosing and reconsidering. The three-dimensional model has been used by researchers to study identity processes in one specific domain such as educational identity (Karaś et al., 2014), or to study global identity (Klimstra et al., 2010). Studies have employed this model have shifted their focus from looking at changes in identity statuses to changes in identity …show more content…

Hoping to address the limitations of the MEIM, Umana-Taylor, Yazedjian & Bamaca-Gomez (2004) created the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS), which is primarily based on Erikson’s and Tajfel’s theories. The EIS consists of 46 assessing three distinct components of ethnic identity: exploration, resolution, and affirmation. The exploration subscale assesses the extent to which individuals have explored their ethnic identity; resolution subscale assesses the extent to which individuals have resolved issues related to their ethnic identity, and affirmation refers to the feelings (positive or negative) individuals associated with their ethnic identity. Using the three subscales while being consistent with Marcia’s (1980) identity statuses, Umana-Taylor et al. (2004) proposed a new categorization scheme which classifies individuals into 8 ethnic identity statuses: diffuse positive, diffuse negative, foreclosed positive, foreclosed negative, moratorium positive, moratorium negative, achieved positive, and achieved negative. For example, diffuse positive characterizes individuals who scored low on both exploration and resolution subscales, but with high affirmation. Unlike the MEIM, the EIS allows researchers to take a dimensional approach to understanding ethnic identity. The score of the subscales are continuous variables, so researchers can examine the relationship among the three with other variables of

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