Essay On End Tb In Japan

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

Now, we will see what the most optimal solution to this recent problem in the classic epidemiological way, by understanding the history of TB, the drug-resistant strain’s origin, and recent cases of the disease.

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Diagnosing tuberculosis infection in individuals who are not ill is primarily done with a tuberculin skin test that is read by a healthcare worker in 48 to 72 hours. Positive skin tests are an indication that the individual has been exposed to the tuberculosis germ. Additional testing such as chest x-rays or sputum cultures are needed to detect active disease. Latent TB infection is treated with anti-tubercular medications for a period of six to nine months. Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a vaccine used in many countries outside of the United States. However, individuals who have had this vaccine can still develop TB. (cdc.gov)

TB is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally that boils down to one small, single infection. TB can be classified into 2 stages; Latent TB and Active TB. In Latent TB, the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive or dormant state. A person will not have any symptoms because their immune mechanism has stopped the bacteria from growing. Latent TB can remain in a dormant state for year (Zager et al, 2009). However this disease can easily change to Active TB. This change mainly occurs due to the rapid increase of Mycobacterium TB within an individual when a person becomes ill or their immune system is compromise. Ninety percent of the time, those who are infected with

Little was known about treatment and prevention of the disease at that time. It was not until 1953 that the United States began collecting data and reports on the 84,304 new cases of TB. This data could be used in research. TB was recognized as a preventable deadly disease, and a common goal to eradicate TB was adopted. Over the next 32 years, the new TB cases dropped 74%. By 1985, there were only 22,201 TB cases. History notes that law makers and public health officials became complacent and thought they had found the solution for eradicating TB. Resources for TB surveillance, prevention, and treatment options were reduced, while homeless numbers increased. This changed history as from 1985 to 1992 TB rates started to increase. Data collected from demographic regions and surveillance records show TB cases rose by 20% in those seven years to equal new 26,673 cases, and the estimated number of TB cases (old and new cases together) during that time was more than 64,000 cases. This was the last recorded peek in TB history. Since 1992, there has been a decrease of 67% in all TB cases. Studies reflect this decrease from 10.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 persons. Much credit for this continued decline is attributed to state and federal aid in addition to the state and local programs aimed at fighting TB and the helping the homeless population. Continued public education, proactive surveillance,

Primary: to increase the protection for: 1) contact patient from TB index patient, and 2) for DM patient from contracted TB

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive disease.

Demographic change can impact on a slower reduction in TB incidence. Barcelona TB Control Program (PPCTB), Community health workers (CHW), and Public health nursing team (PHNT) also helped improve action procedures for immigrants including monitoring cases and their contact in accordance with international

Since 1921, this vaccination had been used in prevention of TB infections and in present day is the only licensed vaccine in use as a prevention tool for tuberculosis. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of BCG is not very high, as there is still close to 9 million people every year globally being infected by tuberculosis. The vaccination has about an 80% effectiveness in prevention of tuberculosis for 15 years, but as people get older, BCG seems to be decreasingly effective. One of the more crucial prevention techniques for avoiding tuberculosis is simply by having a healthy and non-compromised immune system. Adults who are considered to have a healthy immune system are automatically at an advantage; their immune systems will most likely be able to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis on its own. About 6/10 of all adults will have immune systems that are powerful enough to do so (“What is TB?”,

III. Husserl's Conception of Intentionality How does Husserl conceive of intentionality? What sort of intentionality is the most basic?

Intro: Tuberculosis is a disease that affects many individuals throughout the world, and not always with the same prevalence.

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

Japan has a good healthcare system (OECD, 2015), and it was estimated that universal health coverage and social protection was about 87%, which is one of the highest proportions in the world, in 2015 (WHO, 2017). Moreover, the rate of MDR-TB patients was 0.5%, and Japan is the fifth largest donor to ‘The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria’ (Kunii , 2017). In light of these facts, the Japanese situation seems to be different from what is occurring globally. With regards to public health, an important framework for considering the sustainability and resilience of possible implementations is ‘economy, society and environment’ (Martin, 2015, p. 81). Hence, applying this framework to Japan, the society facet is its sizeable elderly population and the environmental facet involves both patient and doctor delay. The key factor in terms of the economic aspect is Japan’s socially vulnerable population. Kawatsu, Ishikawa and Uchimura (2015) state that in order to enable Japan to become a low TB incidence country, Japan should take the groups that are high risk but that have low populations into consideration. These groups are the homeless and foreigners. The TB incidence rates for these two groups are much lower than for low TB incidence countries, however there is a slightly increasing trend for these groups (Tuberculosis

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.