Enterobius Vermicularis

Since the feline species are the only recognized host of T. gondii, the parasite must pass through the feline digestive system in order to complete its life cycle and reproduce (NOAA, 2013). The parasite multiplies within the feline digestive tract, releasing the parasitic eggs through the cat’s feces (NOAA, 2013). The parasitic eggs infect other non-feline species, including mice and birds, which is a common source of transmission to uninfected cats (NOAA, 2013). Rainfall can wash the cat feces into the ocean where the parasitic eggs remain viable for up to two years (NOAA,

One of the perks T. Gondii has is its ability to easily spread between hosts. In Christie Wilcox’s article “Toxoplasma Gondii Brain Parasite Infection From Cats Linked To Schizophrenia, Suicide” she states that along with rats toxoplasma gondii can infect humans. “Around 1/3 of people on Earth carry these parasites in their heads.” (Wilcox 1) This means that statistically speaking some of those who are infected live in Kuwait.

Parasites can manipulate hosts in many different ways. In the article “Suicide Grasshoppers Brainwashed by Parasite Worms,” James Owen describes the relationship between parasite hairworms and grasshoppers. These parasitic worms find a host, such as a grasshopper, and enter the body. After entering the host, the worms cause the grasshoppers to commit suicide by jumping into the water. This article explains how parasites cause grasshoppers to commit suicide, how the parasites enter and exit the host, and how scientists use this information to create a better understanding in research about parasitical behaviors.

The lifecycle of a heartworms begins when a female mosquito ingest blood containing microfilariae from a heartworm infected animal. Inside the body of the mosquito, the microfilariae develops into first stage larvae (L1) and then undergoes two more process to develop into third stage larvae (L3) of which is the infective stage. Depending on the temperature, this development process can take between eight and thirty days. At this point, when the infected mosquito attaches to a cat and feeds on its blood, the third-stage larva is transferred into the mosquito bite wound. Within three days of entering the cat, the L3 molt to the L4 stage in the tissues and muscles that lay just below the skin of the cat. After about two months of migrating through the muscles and tissues, the L4 undergoes a final development into immature adult heartworms. Seventy to ninety days post infection, the immature adult heartworms then enter a peripheral vein and are carried by the cat’s blood circulation system to the caudal pulmonary arteries. This is where the majority of heartworms are cleared from the cat due to a mass immune response, but a few may continue development into adults. Once the heartworm develop into adults, they invade the heart first and then spread to other organs in the body and cause

The infective dose may be as little as one oocyst, and severe diarrhea can occur, causing the individual to pass up to 20 liters of fluid in one 24 hour period (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997). This inevitably leads to death.

In parasitism, the parasite benefits, but the host is harmed. Symbiosis is the close interaction between organisms of different species for an extended time. Symbiotic relationships differ on the effects of the “other” species while one benefits. The three major symbiotic relationships are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. In commensalism, the species benefits and the other remains unaffected. One example are barnacles hitching a ride on the skin of a whale. In parasitism, the parasite benefits and the host is harmed. The parasite lives on or in the host and benefits by feeding on it. An example of this are tapeworms that live inside the intestines of organisms. The organism is harmed, since they are not getting the nutrients from the food that they are eating, but the tapeworm benefits, as it is getting the food and nutrients it needs to survive. Tapeworm larvae can also migrate throughout the body, therefore harming other organs and tissues as well. In mutualism, both species benefit. One example are lichens, which are formed by fungi and algae living together. The algae undergo photosynthesis, which provides food, and the fungi provides

There are different types of how different species in our ecosystem wok together. Relationships doesn’t only occur in humans but also in animals. It my either be mutualism or commensalism, but it can also be parasitism. Parasitism is when one organism is taking advantage of another organism without their free will. It is a way to survive for the parasite to gain nutrients, or even shelter. Mostly all parasites are within an organism internal structure, making it impossible for the host to live their daily activities. Parasites may even be killing their host.

Parasites are living organisms that survive through other organs in the body. Although some parasites may not affect the body that they are surviving off of, other parasites can affect a body so much that it can make the person really sick. There are many different ways to get a parasitic infection. For example, a parasitic infection can spread through water, soil, waste, food and sexual contact with someone who is already infected. Once one is infected then the parasite can multiply causing damage to the organs and the rest of the

Much of our understanding of immune interactions with T. gondii is through studies on rodents, and the rodent immune system shows some specific adaptations in this area. Indeed, rodents express a set of toll-like-receptors (TLRs) to deal with recognizing protozoan parasites; studies have identified that the cell surface receptors TLR-2 and TLR-4 (which respond to glycosylphosphatidylinositols), and the endosomal receptors TLR-7, TLR-9, TLR-11 and TLR-12 are required 6, 17. The most compelling evidence suggests that the endosomal TLR-11 (possibly in conjunction with TLR-12) is part of a specific murine response that recognizes the protein profilin which is secreted from motile parasites 18-20. Evidence suggests that the innate immune response in mice

Enterococcus is a gram positive coccus typically found in the normal microbiota of the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts, due to the high acidic pH of the stomach acid, it is mostly found in the intestines, and in the guts of insects. They are diplococcus, meaning they remain in pairs and are sometimes found in short chains. The sizes of the average species are 0.6-2.0 microns (μ). Most Enterococcus species are non-motile but some species have scanty flagella giving them the ability to become motile. Enterococci are not capsule formers. They also fail to produce endospores. In incubation, the optimum temperature is 35ᵒC with a growth temperature ranging from 10-45ᵒC. The incubation time ranges from 18-24 hours. They can survive heat

In comparison to the prevalence of nematodes and trematodes, studies show that presence of cestodes in small animals is not as prevalent as the former and most infection are mixed with the existence of one or more species of helminths (Lone, Chishti, Ahmad & Tak, 2012; Maichomo, Kagira & Walker, 2004). Kids have stunted growth due to the presence of tapeworms which these parasites compete with their nourishment (Smith, 2004).

The symptoms of this disease are an itchy rash where the worm entered, fever, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.

Hookworms; also describe as the intestinal parasites are a serious infection that affects both humans and animals. The hookworms are very small species that develop based on blood-feeding. Those harmful species not only hook to the intestinal’ mucosa and suck the whole-body nutrition but also they conceal some antigens that cause a hold off to the immune resistance and eliminate the hemoglobin. As a result, the body undergo a series of intestinal hemorrhaging stats with extreme decrease in healthy blood cells. In other, the patient

ment, which encourages the activation rate of the primitive parasite. Furthermore, the fluctuating external environment together with a high chance of predation accelerate the mortality rate of free-living individuals and promote obligate parasitism. In general, ob- ligate parasitism is a common trend once the primitive parasite benefits more by forming an association with a host. Nevertheless, facultative parasitism may easily arise; perhaps no harder than obligate parasitism, especially with a non-zero deactivation rate, which is associated with the capacity to go into diapause. Interestingly, many parasitic infective stages are suggested to be equivalent to the diapause stage of the free-living counterparts of the parasites. This so-called

The study has established that daily administration of T. vulgaris by the oral route at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 10 days did not cause any mortality or any observable toxic effects in mice of GII. Mice were alert with no alternation of their behavioral pattern, any gastrointestinal tract disorder or respiratory distress. From the histopathological observations, there were not any observable changes in the livers at the giving dose compared to the normal controls (Figure 1).