Earth Research Paper

The core is the last layer of the Earth, which is broken down into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The inner core is about thirteen hundred kilometers thick and the outer core is about twenty-three hundred kilometers thick. A nickel-iron alloy mixture makes up the outer core, and the inner is almost all composed of iron. It is believed that the Earth’s magnetic field is controlled by the outer core (Fowler p478)

Despite the amounts of incoming radiation, very little actually reaches the Earth’s surface. One layer of protection the Earth provides is in the form of a magnetic field that deflects charged particles from reaching the Earth’s surface. This magnetic field is generated by a combination of the liquids within the Earth’s core and the interplanetary magnetic field generated by the Sun. This field reaches out thousands of miles from Earth, so when solar wind travels through space and encounters Earth’s

Earth University was made in 1985 in response to the central America economic, political and, social crisis. This was done by the Costa Rican government, the United States Agency for International Development and, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Then in 1989 the construction of the main Earth campus started. The location of the first and main Earth campus is in Limon. 1990 was the first Earth University was open and the first class of students only consisted of 60 people. When José Elías Sanchez was inaugurated he made the organic farm and a rural training center in 1997. In the following year Earth focused on integrating a project to educate the students on the changes of agriculture in the tropics.

Following the asthenosphere is the mantle. The mantle is about 1,800 miles deep and can vary in temperatures anywhere from 900 to 1700 degrees Fahrenheit. The mantle makes up eighty-five percent of the total weight and mass of the earth. The mantle is an important layer of the Earth because it adds to the gravity of the planet. The Mantle is also responsible for the movement of the Tectonic Plates over the Earth which comes from the decay of radioactive elements in the Mantle that cause the convection currents. This causes the movement of the tectonic plates. Therefore, this convection is responsible for shaping the Earth's

The earth is divided into three main layers: the core, the mantle and the crust. The core is further divided into the solid inner core and the liquid outer core. This layer is

Without our environment, there would be no life on earth. Two gasses make up the vast majority of the world 's climate: nitrogen (78%), and oxygen (21%). (vaporous component), carbon dioxide and distinctive follow gasses make up the rest. Researchers isolated the climate into four layers as indicated by solidify (chemically)ature: upper environment, upper air/high place, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The temperature drops as we go up through the upper environment, yet it ascends as we travel through the following layer, the upper climate/high place. The more distant far from earth, the more slender the environment gets. There are numerous layers that make up the Atmosphere. The Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Upper climate/high place,

· When the sun’s energy reaches the earth, some of that energy is absorbed and some is radiated back, energy balance. Greenhouse Gases absorb the energy that is radiated back into space, intern warming the atmosphere.

This manned mission to Mars was based on the planet’s state, photographic evidence and collected data samples to conduct the analysis. The crew utilized drilling materials and roving equipment for movement around Mars to facilitate this process. After descending into Mars surface, gathering of rock samples was carried out, although further analysis for the time remaining was hindered by the low pressure present. Also, the cold weather conditions demanded the use of special clothing and there was no conclusion with evidence on presence of water. The roving equipment captured photos indicating presence of water below the Martian surface. Though man’s mission to the moon has been the most publicized by media and the scientific community, there has been increased interest on missions to planet Mars, but this has mostly been based on robotic missions. Robotic missions have encouraged further explorations on the outer space as there is a possibility to prepare for future emissions with availability of photographic evidence and technological advancement. With visual capabilities, our team explored and collected information regarding human future. Mars has an easy accessibility from earth due to the fact that it is close and the most accommodating among the others, making the mission viable. It is crucial to implement technological values in this mission to allow adequate preparation since there has been no prior manned mission to Mars. Before the commencement

The layers of the earth are very complex. These layers are the crust, mantle, and core (Wile 132). The core is divided into two regions: the inner core and the outer core (Wile 131). Earth's crust is defined as “Earth's outermost layer of rock” (Wile 132). The thickness of the crust averages 55 to 12 miles (Wile 132). In addition to rock, the crust of the earth contains soil and sediment (Wile 132). “Sediment” is defined as “small, solid fragments of rock and other materials that are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice” (Wile 132). Sedimentary rock is also found on the earth's crust. “Sedimentary rock” is “rock formed when chemical reactions cement sediments together, hardening them” (Wile 133). Igneous rock, “rock that forms from molten rock”, is also found in the crust (Wile 133). Melted rock that cools and re-solidifies becomes igneous rock (Wile 133). The last kind of rock in the crust is called meromorphic rock (Wile 133). This is “igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed into a new kind of rock as a result of great pressure

Observation: Me and my family observe where the teeth marks are, what type of plants have teeth marks and the size of the teeth marks.

which is equal to ~200° F. This is the coldest layer in the atmosphere. The thermosphere is final thermally definitive layer of the atmosphere. In this layer, temperatures can reach up to up to 725° - 1, or 225° C. The thermosphere can be divided on the basis of chemistry. The lower thermosphere, the ionosphere extends from roughly 80 kilometers, or 50 miles, too somewhere around 300 to 600 kilometers out. After the ionosphere comes the exosphere. The exosphere is the second outer layer of the thermosphere. It lies beyond about 500-1,000 kilometers and is defined by an increasing hydrogen and helium level. This is because the oxygen and nitrogen that control the lower atmosphere have been broken into ions in the ionosphere. The layer that secedes from the exosphere is the homosphere. The homosphere is the portion of the lower atmosphere with almost no Ionization. Finally, the heterosphere, the area in which you get varying mixes of gas molecules and ions, is the last layer in the thermal structure of our atmosphere. It reaches heights between 80 and 10,000 kilometers. These layers show the thermal structure of our atmosphere.

Part 1 Earth's Mantle, Crust, etc. The physical geology of the earth consists of a Core (inner and outer), the mantle, the asthenosphere and the lithosphere. The inner core is primarily a solid ball about 70% the size of the moon and thought to consist of an iron-nickel alloy with a temperature about the same as the sun. The outer core is a liquid layer about 1500 mils thick that is composed of iron and nickel, just below the mantle. The mantle is divided into layers, and is a rocky shell surrounding the core of the earth with about 84% of the total volume of the planet. It is primarily solid and encloses the iron rich hot core and was formed by numerous past incidents of volcanism. Two main zones are in the upper mantle of the earth. The inner asthenosphere that is composed of flowing rock about 200 km thick and the lithosphere which is composed of rigid rock about 50-120 km thick. There is also a thick crust which is the upper part of the lithosphere that surrounds the mantle, anywhere from 5-75 km thick. Additionally, the asthenosphere may be described as being highly viscous that is crucial to the plate tectonic theory in that in spite of its high temperature, pressures keep it malleable and at a relatively low density. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of the earth that is the hard and rigid layer in which humans live. This portion of the earth reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere through erosion and weathering, resulting the soil forming

Global warming is caused by the depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere that shields the earth's lowers atmosphere from harmful and intense solar radiation. Scientists believe that the main cause of depletion of this layer is the greenhouse gases and chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere as a result of industrial processes. Some of these gases include sulfur (IV) Oxide, Chlorine, and some other carbon compounds from the combustion of fossil fuels. This gases cause the reduction in the thickness of the layer hence reducing its capacity to filter the sunrays reaching the earth surface.

The Earth’s crust is the thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth. Its average thickness is 40km below the earth’s surface. The crust

“Holly, could you pass me that---“ static interrupted Trenton. The display on the bottom left corner of his helmet said “COMM SYS FAILURE”. He looked up at his company and they seemed to notice the same thing. Claude signaled them to get back on the rover. Their job would have to wait because they needed to get back to the Base as soon as possible. Every fiber in his body told him that the worst had happened: a solar flare. NASA had known about the possibility of such an occurrence but the resulting solar flare from the explosion of a giant sunspot wasn’t supposed to hit the moon. The moon’s atmosphere or magnetic field couldn’t block solar flares from bombarding them with x-ray and radio waves, thus frying their communication systems. Since they couldn’t communicate with Earth, they had no warnings. The Base also didn’t have any detectors. There were no contingencies for total disconnect from Earth. He suspected an X-class solar flare, the strongest type, had occurred, catapulting one billion ton of coronal mass ejection and high-energy protons their way, with energies over one hundred million electron volts. These protons easily penetrated their spacesuits. [122] [20]