Early Civilizations

grew very many crops that they used and sold. Middle Kingdom of Egypt were very good

Throughout history, we have seen many different civilizations repeating the same things that has happened before and we never seem to learn. Even now we can relate some of our mistakes as nation and compare those mistakes to what has happened in history to find a way to fix them. For instance, The River Valley Civilizations have had many instances where we can look back on them and build on some of their genius ideas like there ways of trying to control the rivers and there farming techniques without any of the modern inventions we have now a day. In this paper I will be discussing the four major river valley civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, the Harappans, and the Chinese. All four of these civilizations started near a famous river

Relationships with traders grew to where they would exchange for spices from Punt, stones from Bacteria, and wood

Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements,

Each early civilization was different and unique in their own way, they all came up with their own advancements and all created a unique society. However each early civilization wasn't entirely unique, they each learned from the previous societies mistakes and shortcomings. Being the first civilization Mesopotamia acted as the template for all civilizations after it. Mesopotamia established city-states, a monarchy, polytheism, irrigation, and created a currency system as well as a writing system. Despite having a seemly organized society, Mesopotamia was divided and at odds with one another over their water source, and thus the civilization crumbled. In contrast Egypt was unified, albeit forcefully as they were surrounded by nothing but desert,

A pre-axial civilisation was a primordial type of society built on paganist beliefs. In this type of civilisation, society was symbolically structured by a spiritual (transcendental) order rather than an earthly (mundane) order (Eisenstadt, 1982; 1986). In other words, society was structured according to the principles set by deity/deities (spiritual order) and not by humans (earthly order) of a specific civilisation. For instance, in pre-axial civilisations such as ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia, the Egyptians and Mesopotamians structured their societies based on a certain spiritual order. For a pre-axial civilisation, the spiritual order was generally perceived as “higher and stronger” (Eisenstadt, 1982: 296) than the earthly order

Thousands of years ago, as mankind began to discover more elaborate discoveries in the world, people improved their lifestyle over a long period of time. Towns and villages grew immensely and before we knew it, a society had emerged. In these towns, the people normally had the same religion, culture, laws, and economy. The members in a society are what make up a civilization. When these people flourish together as a society, the civilization improves and becomes more advanced with knowledge and technology.

All the way from the start of civilization through to the Early Christianity there has been a pantheon of; destruction, recognition, wars, cultural diffusion, religious breakthroughs, laws that have been established, kings and queens crowned and dethroned. The Mesopotamian Civilization it was the land between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers that civilization first began.

Geographical features in the environment heavily influenced the development of early societies. In the same way, early societies had a large impact on the environment. Early cultivators interacted with their surroundings as hunter gatherers, or nomads in order to survive. Towards the start of the Neolithic revolution, our ancestors began to broadly utilize their environment to their advantage. One of the most significant geographical features was the Tigris and Euphrates river. Mesopotamia, otherwise known as the “land between two rivers”, received limited rainfall. The Tigris and Euphrates river compensated this by providing the ancient people with fresh-drinking water. Also, the ancient people realized they could harness the river by building reservoirs and canals. This eventually prompted the development if the first irrigation systems in 6000 B.C.E. The first irrigation systems were used to “irrigate their fields of barley, wheat, and peas”. As a result,

As proven throughout all time periods in history, our ability as humans to function in a society is heavily dependent on organization, regulations, and cooperation amongst the individuals in a community. Even some of the most ancient civilizations such as the Mesopotamians who existed roughly between 5000-3500 BC kept certain set laws enabling them to construct a well ordered society. The Code of Hammurabi consisted of nearly 300 rules or more appropriately, “if and then” statements relating to crimes and their various punishments. The ancient Mesopotamians had a good sense of unlawful acts and although some disciplines were drastic most of them had equal retribution. For instance, the second law that was engraved on the eight-foot tall stela

The Phoenicians were an Ancient Civilization, that had many independent city-states.The years that the Phoenicians lived was 1550 BC to 300 BC.Many generations of Phoenicians thrived, because they had many city-states. The Phoenicians lived on the western end of the fertile crescent. While living on this beautiful land it allowed them to have very good crops, since they had such rich soil. Since there were so many Phoenician civilizations they spread across the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Their territory was called Phoenicia, however this area is now the modern day countries of Syria, Lebanon and Northern Israel.

Punishment can be dated back to the time of early human civilization. It took a while for human civilization to begin imposing certain laws and regulations that would subsequent an act of crime. During the early time period of 2000 B.C. to 1800 A.D. (2010), ancient Babylonian and Sumerian codes began the model of creating a practice where criminals would be punished for their wrong doings. One of the earliest philosophies of this ancient time was the term Lex talionis or an eye for an eye. This practice is based on the criminal punishment idea of retribution, which means that a criminal deserves to be punished based on the crime committed. As time progressed, new ways of thinking emerged and eventually crime had to be the responsibility of the government because they believed that a crime committed against one citizen was considered to be committed against the whole society. During the enlightenment, great philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and John Howard changed the perspective on human life. Prior the enlightenment, people were not rational and they believed that behavior was not a function of their choice. That’s why they highly supported punishment for retribution. However, during post-enlightenment the main purpose of punishment became to deter or stop crime. In hopes of getting criminals of the street, new ways of punishing evolved but mainly it gave development to incarceration.

The early human lived life by hunting, fishing and collecting wild plant, and their life was not organized. About 5000 years ago, a complex and organized way of life began in some part of the world. People live together in town, cities and others centers and started farming, industries, and also started writing, painting and other method of living. Later, there were specialize occupations emerged, complex religions took form and social diversion increased, and these changes lead to the birth of civilizations. There were many ancient civilizations in the world like, India civilization, Chinese civilization, Middle East civilization, Mesopotamian civilization, Egyptian civilization, Greek civilization, Roman civilization and others which greatly contributed to the development of the world history. Each civilization had their own way to follow culture, religions, public life, economic life, and others. Therefore, in this paper, I will describe how Indian civilization, Egyptian civilization and Greek Civilization made impacts in the way that we see today’s world and how these civilizations affected people’s life.

The way the people lived in these early civilizations had some similarities with the way we live today, except for the fact that we have developed more advanced tools and machineries. In my own opinion, yes, I think I can live in this kind of community. It’s just a matter of adapting to the conditions of the area and learning to value its traditions and culture.

Mesopotamia, China, Aryan India, and early- modern Europe are all different when it comes to the way they live.