Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis

O’Brien writes, “I would go to the war-I would kill and maybe die-because I was embarrassed not to… I was coward. I went to war.” I wasn’t surprised to hear him say this because I can understand the fear that was going through his mind. I feel like he is choosing personal shame over public shame, which makes him a coward. However, there is an irony within the situation because of how much courage it takes to even partake in the war. Yet, O’Brien still feels that he was a coward for not standing up and saying no. O’Brien views his act in Vietnam as being an act of cowardice. I don’t necessarily agree with him because it does take courage to go risk your life for others. On the contrary, O’Brien’s acts can be viewed as being cowardice because

A climate interval from around 1300 to 1750, with beginning and ending dates varying by geography (Wolfe, 2014), the Little Ice Age was a period of time in which mean annual temperatures decreased by about 0.6C and mountain glaciers expanded across the Northern Hemisphere. This period of time occurred after the Medieval Warm Period, around the Middle Ages, and is followed by the current period of warming (Rafferty & Jackson, 2016). This idea of climate cycles—known as Milankovitch cycles—shows that climate change is not a new phenomenon.

Throughout history climates have drastically changed. There have been shifts from warm climates to the Ice Ages (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2009, p.204). Evidence suggests there have been at least a dozen abrupt climate changes throughout the history of the earth. There are a few suspected reasons for these past climate changes. One reason may be that asteroids hitting the earth and volcanic eruptions caused some of them. A further assumption is that 22-year solar magnetic cycles and 11-year sunspot cycles played a part in the changes. A further possibility is that a regular shifting in the angle of the moon orbiting earth causing changing tides and atmospheric circulation affects the global climate (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2009,

There are also debates as to whether or not The Little Ice Age was truly an event caused by natural occurrences. One scientist, Warren F. Ruddiman, asserts that The Little Ice Age could have been caused by humans. He states that 8,000 years ago, 3,000 years after the Ice Age, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increased because of the burning of biomass due to the need for farm space for economies and societies based on agriculture (Wolfe, 2014).

Increasing scientific confidence in estimates of the effects of climate change has recently been catapulted into mainstream media which has forced many to confront the subject of global warming and climate change. A decade ago the subject of global warming was not as widely accepted by the scientific community as it is today. Now, due to recent advances in technology, most scientists agree that climate change and the effects humans are having on it is indeed scientific fact. A different approach has been used, compared to the past, to investigate the small differences in land and sea temperatures. The results have led most scientists to conclude that climate change has significantly increased over the past 200 years. This conclusion was reached based on data collected over 10,000+ years and comparing it to the average normal temperature rise and fall between the centuries and millenniums.

11,700 years ago the geological epoch the Holocene was thought to of began following the Pleistocene epoch, together these time periods make up the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been described as being relatively warm and with a fairly stable climate. Not only this, but it is thought to coincide with the start of agriculture as human populations rose throughout the Holocene technology became more sophisticated aiding the rise of agriculture (Holden, 2012). The early anthropogenic hypothesis was published in 2003 by Professor W.F. Ruddiman, this was a three part hypothesis in which Ruddiman proposed humans reversed natural decreases in CO2 values within the atmosphere by deforestation. That they reversed natural methane decreases after 5,000 years by irrigating rice, they also caused a warming sufficient to prevent a new glaciation within the last several thousand years and during the Holocene (Ruddiman 2005). This hypothesis has attracted a lot of attention with many people both supporting it and criticising it. Throughout this essay I will be exploring the many arguments for and against the early anthropogenic hypothesis and stating whether or not human kind could have prevented the start of an ice age during the Holocene.

The Milankovitch Mechanisms are central to long-term climate history discourse (Berger, 2013) and incorporate three orbital changes, which are named Precession, Eccentricity and Obliquity. Eccentricity is the first Milankovitch Mechanism, whereby the orbit of the Earth around the sun varies from a nearly perfect circular shape to a more elliptical shape (Figure 1A). At its most elliptical orbit, the Earth passes ~6 million miles (Scofield, n.d) further from the sun at the point of aphelion, and subsequently, the winter climate would be extremely cooler due to the reduction in incoming solar radiation. With Eccentricity, the insolation received can change by ~30% (Maslin and Ridgwell, 2005) and occurs at cycles of ~100,000 years (Maslin and Ridgwell, 2005). Obliquity is the second Milankovitch

Global warming has been widely discussed all around the world as it is an issue that affects the living of all mankind in the world. It is argued that the ‘anthropogenic’ changes posse more influence on the climate change to the Earth, compared to the ‘naturally driven’ glacial and interglacial changes in temperature. This report is based on the Vostok Core by faculty at Columbia University as an example for us to investigate global climate change. Author of this report believes global warming is just part of the long term temperature fluctuation during the interglacial period as there is no convincing and valid evidence that shows

Climate change is approaching levels of Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum about 55.9 million years ago, when a large natural release of CO2 occurred. This paper looks at the difference between this period and anthropogenic CO2 release happening now over a much shorter period of time.

John Tecuautzin Mrs. Bean English 201 September 3, 2014 Reflection Essay Argumentative essays have a vast meaning to what is being actually asked for to be written. There is persuasion, argumentative, and there is dispute variations. Prior to this reading I only thought of argumentative essays being persuasive and siding with your point along with a few points against. In order to provide the best possible persuasive essay you must be able to persuade by giving reason, have some sort of relation to the reader or that of who you are trying to persuade, or by using ‘torture’.

Second, the trends of climate fluctuation are observable and it is the best way to create a future model for climate change thus far. However, small, seemingly minute changes can make enormous differences on earth’s global climate, which can especially be seen when we look at paleoclimatic evidences such as younger dryer event, ocean currents and milankovitch cycles. This changes significantly affect the hydrological cycle and sea levels on the earth.

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. • Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. Current concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are unprecedented in at least the last 650,000 years, based on records from gas bubbles trapped in polar ice. • Independent measurements demonstrate that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere comes

According to a recent study, humans having been causing global warming for about 180 years. The study reconstructed 500 years of climate to determine when the warming shift started. They found that the earliest stages of human-caused greenhouse warming began in the Industrial Revolution, mainly around the 1830s in the Arctic and tropical oceans, followed by change in North America, Europe, and Asia. At this time in human history, we has started burning fossil fuels like coal. This was used to power factory machines, and steam engines used in trains and steamboats. Fossil fuels originate from the remains of ancient plants and animals, and when burned, release carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the

Racism is one of the most important issues in today’s society. It is a very delicate topic that affects everyone in the world. This issue has caused many problems. It is therefore vital to understand this concept and to teach others about the topic. We live in a world of many different cultures and backgrounds that share a diverse lifestyle. There are those that feel that their religion is superior to others, thus causing problems to occur. Racism needs to be shared more openly with the whole world. It’s a topic of nature vs. nurture that has influenced us to be the people we are today. Nobody is born racist, but the environment we surround ourselves makes us racist. This can be experienced through social media influences, sport teams, and family upbringing.

Scientists have discovered 'climate forcing’s ' influence variations in climate systems and based on the depth and period of such forcing’s the adjustments to climate may be in a shorter or longer earth cycle. Natural forcing’s like variations in earth 's orbit, solar variation, volcanic eruptions and motion of tectonic plates have influence on the Earth 's climate