Dynamic Spectrum Access Simulation

In this section, the currently used decimation filters are considered for comparison and hardware requirements. As the only truly customizable feature within the current design, it is imperative to find a filter that can satisfy the requirements that will be outlined in later section of the report. As such this review is conducted to find and identify different decimation filters structures that can be used. SDR systems conduct a significant amount of signal processing on general process. To combat this, the SDRs implement sample rate conversion in the form of decimation; the focus of this review is on this premise and what filters have previously been implemented.

Wireless network infrastructure has become just another connection method for corporate and home users alike. This rapid acceptance can be attributed from:

The functions for supporting the control plane is integrity protection and ciphering. For the user plane PDCP offers ciphering, header compression and reordering and retransmission during handover. Radio Link Control (RLC): The RLC (Radio Link Control) layer is responsible for delivery of upper layer SDUs. RLC can work in 3 different modes, depending on the requirement of the data to be transported; Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and Acknowledged Mode (AM). AM has functions for retransmission of erroneous received PDUs. The RLC working in UM or AM also has functions for segmentation and concatenation of SDUs sent over the LTE air interface. For received PDUs RLC support functions for re-ordering, duplicate detection and

In direct sequence spread spectrum, the torrent of information to be transmitted is divided into small pieces and each allotted across to a frequency channel across the spectrum (Rouse, 2015). An informational signal at the point of transmission is added with a higher data-rate bit sequence, which is referred to a chipping code that splits the information by way of a spreading ratio (Rouse, 2015). This redundant chipping code provides the signal the ability to resist interference and also allows the original information to be recovered if informational bits are damaged during transmission (Rouse,

Using the COM-5102, the SDR will transmit the radio signal, this pulg in will add associated MAC addresses and UDP headers onto the project automatically [15]. The VHDL code has values that can be changed slightly to accommodate UDP or TCP transmission. For the project, UDP headers will be used.

It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.

of layers to this software. At the top level, the computer sends some type of "packet" of data to the device

ANS: The entire process is performed by multiplying a radio frequency carrier and a pseudo-noise (PN) digital signal. The PN code is modulated onto an information signal using several modulation techniques such as quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), etc. A doubly-balanced mixer then multiplies the PN modulated

Nevertheless, with the development of technology, the flourishing situation in the radio industry has been changed.

As technology evolves, scientists and entrepreneur create designs to distinguish the old from the new. In the world of mobile phones, the earliest cellular systems and phones were called 1G, meaning “first generation.” The next generation wasn’t too much of an improvement in the long run, but it was a new tool back when 1G was the new thing, now a new thing now today it’s called second generation, or 2G, to distinguish them from the earlier analog (1G) phones. While 2G phones were able to receive both digital and analog signals, earlier 1G phones were restricted to the analog networks. The increasing demands placed on mobile telephones to handle even more data than 3G could lead to the development of 4G technology. In 2008 the ITU set forward a list of requirements for what it called IMT-Advanced, or 4G. These requirements included data rates of 1 gigabit per second for a stationary user and 100 megabits per second for a moving user. This is where our generation are today while major corporation are working on the new generation, fifth generation, at least that is what the public assumes what it will be called. Its rumored to be able to include data rates of 1 gigabit per second while moving and 10 Gigabits when stationary.

The Radio was introduced to society because of the telegraph and the telephone. These inventions don’t do the same things but their similar branch of technology. “Radio technology began as “wireless telegraphy”. “It all started with the discovery of radio waves, electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through air.” [Bellis] Majority of technology uses electromagnetic waves to send data information or TV broadcasts. During the 1860’s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed how fast the variation of electric current could be placed into space in the form of

I think Shakespeare decided to use witches in his play, Macbeth, for so that he could win the liking of King James, money, and popularity. To begin, the Witch Hunt episode exposes King James’ obsession over witches. If Shakespeare used witches in his play, perhaps it would impress King James and win himself the King’s liking. Shakespeare would want to impress the King, as he has control over what goes on in the land he rules. The topic of witchcraft would intrigue King James and therefore make the task easier to earn the admiration of the King.

Networking is not new; it has been around for a long time. The way networking is done changes all the time; let’s look briefly at the past and how networking has changed over the years.

In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supporting a newer standard called 802.11g emerged on the market. 802.11g attempts to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. 802.11g supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, and it uses the 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range. 802.11g is backwards compatible with 802.11b, meaning that 802.11g access points will work with 802.11b wireless network adapters and vice

Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) is a method that uses a narrow band carrier that changes frequencies in a distinct pattern. The signal hops to a variety of frequencies, with the exact sequence of changes, known as the hopping sequence. At any moment, the broadcast signal uses only one frequency, or even several frequencies is not enough to effectively affect the communication between devices. The FHSS is used between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz and operates at a data rate of about 1.6 Mbs per channel. Direct sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) generates a bit pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip or chipping code (Kurose, 2003).