Drugs and Bronchospasms
Bronchospasms induced by drugs can be managed beneficially through knowledge of causative agents and knowledge on treatment of the disease. Bronchospasms are "an excessive and prolonged contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles, resulting in an acute narrowing and obstruction of the respiratory airway. The contractions may be localized or general and may be caused by irritation or injury to the respiratory mucosa, infections, or allergies or drugs. A cough with generalized wheezing usually indicates the condition. Bronchospasm is a chief characteristic of asthma"2 and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD).
"Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 24
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Aspirin induce bronchospasms prevalence is 0.6 - 44% overall and 21.1% in asthmatic patients and 29.9 % in patients with a previous incident of aspirin induced bronchospasm. 5 The wide range is due to patients without a history of asthma or Aspirin induced asthma being less prone while patients with a history if asthma being more apt to aspirin induced bronchospasms especially patients with asthma and nasal polyps.5 NSAIDs like ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac (strong cyclooxygenase inhibitors) have reported cross sensitivities in aspirin intolerant patients of 98%, 100%, 93% respectively.5 However, low inhibitors ( acetaminophen) and non-inhibitors( meloxicam) of cyclooxygenase 1 are better tolerated in patients with cross sensitivity6 ;and only tend to induce bronchospasms at
“The Scarlet letter” talked Hester showed up in front of the town with her baby (Pearl) for her adultery, nobody knows her life befor. Soon, reader find out the father’s baby is the holy minister (Dimmesdale) and her husband (Chillingworth) stayed close to the minister for his revenge. The two male finally dead around the time that all truth came out in front of the town, and Hester left the town but came back in the end of her life. As the plots go, the women is obviously stand for public guilt and two males are stand for private guilt. They also became the most important threats in the story.
The World Health Organization (WHO) (2006A) defines COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not wholly reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. John's chronic bronchitis is defined, clinically, as the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years, provided other causes of chronic cough have been ruled out. (Mannino, 2003). The British lung Foundation (BLF) (2005) announces that chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes which is the explanation for John's dyspnea. The BLF (2005) believe that when the bronchi become inflamed less air is able to flow to and from the lungs and once the bronchial tubes have been irritated over a long period of time, excessive mucus is produced. This increased sputum results from an increase in the size and number of goblet cells (Jeffery, 2001) resulting in John's excessive mucus production. The lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened and an irritating cough develops, (Waugh & Grant 2004) which is an additional symptoms that john is experiencing.
The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and drug ________ might have different goals and use different approaches.
Asthma itself is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness due to a variety of stimulus. The inflammation causes the hyper-responsiveness than in turn causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, resulting in obstruction of airflow. Some
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that impacts a person’s and their family’s quality of life. In people with asthma, their airway becomes constricted with swelling and excessive mucous. This constriction or narrowing of the airway makes it difficult for the person with asthma to breath (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009). If asthma is left uncontrolled, it leads to further wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tiredness, and stress. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2009).
In The Power of Myth, Joseph Campbell states, “…myths offer life models. But the models have to be appropriate to the time in which you are living, and our time has changed so fast that what was proper fifty years ago is not proper today. The virtues of the past are the vices of today. And many of what were thought to be the vices of the past are the necessities of today. The moral order has to catch up with the moral necessities of actual life in time, here and now. And that is what we are not doing.” I support Joseph Campbell’s stance that ideals and paradigms we rely on now have changed over time and will change in time. Myths are used as a tool to teach children the conduct they should be exhibiting. Nonetheless, these myths and conducts
The effect of asthma can range from mild, irregular symptoms causing minor problems for an individual to severe and sudden asthma attacks. The extent of what causes asthma is not well known or fully understood but some common triggers include, cold temperatures, dust mites, cockroaches, pollen, sickness, mould and animal hair. When triggered, the airways in the lungs become inflamed and constricted causing shortness of breath, chest pain and wheezing [R]. Currently, there is no cure for asthma however symptoms can be managed with medication and improved living standards [R]. Asthma symptoms are commonly controlled with the use of inhalers, either preventers (taken to desensitizes airways to triggers) or relievers (provides instant relief by relaxing the muscles) [16].
The last portion of the marketing strategy for Mountain Brew Review (MBR) relates to implementation, evaluation, and control (IEC). Without these three items, strategic goals may not be met because marketing activities were not successfully completed (Grunert, n.d.). For efficient implementation and control, a marketing plan should ascertain how an objective's progress shall be measured (Armstrong & Kotler, 2015). After the commencement of an action item, marketers monitor the results, comparing those results against projections, and adjust where needed (Armstrong & Kotler, 2015).
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, also known as COPD, is the third leading cause of death in the United States. COPD includes extensive lungs diseases such as emphysema, non-reversible asthma, specific forms of bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis. This disease restricts the flow of air in and out of the lungs. Ways in which these limitations may occur include the loss of elasticity in the air sacs and throughout the airways, the destruction of the walls between air sacs, the inflammation or thickening of airway walls, or the overproduction of mucus in airways which can lead to blockage. Throughout this paper I am going to explain the main causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and ways to reduce COPD.
Past History: Smokes ½ a pack of cigarettes per day (since she was a teenager)
Prescription drug abuse is defined as using prescription drugs in a way that is not prescribed by a doctor or using someone else's prescription. People abuse prescription drugs for a variety of reasons (Misuse of Prescription Drugs). Some people abuse them to get high, others keep using to avoid withdrawals from the drug. Whereas stimulants such as adderall are often abused by students to improve academic performance.
Despite efforts to decrease the number of deaths and overdoses related to narcotic medications, such as OxyContin, and minimize the number of people illegally obtaining them, the measures that the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) in specific are taking are not enough. The literal definition of a narcotic is a drug that produces numbness or stupor; often taken for pleasure or to reduce pain; extensive use can lead to addiction. Narcotics are normally prescription medications that are given to patients to help ease the constant pain cause by cancer or other long term illnesses.
Does one know about the prescription drug abuse epidemic our country is currently facing? Prescription drug abuse doesn’t discriminate, as it affects people of all ages, races, genders, and socioeconomic status. So what is causing this Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic? A prescription drug also known as a pharmaceutical drug is used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Prescription Drug Abuse is known for being commonly recognized in developing nations, due to regulations and availability of the drugs. An article in the December 2008 issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy, "Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and
Prescription drug abuse is the use of prescribed medications for reasons other than intended by a doctor or medical professional. Prescription drug abuse involves the misuse of any and all drugs to alter the physical or mental status of a person. The misuse of prescription drugs is described as taking excess amounts, more frequently, or for much longer than originally prescribed.
Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory infection caused commonly by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the first two years of life. Nearly every child in the United States will be infected with RSV before its second birthday. The condition is a leading cause of hospital admissions among children under the age of two. The populations most frequently and severely affected by bronchiolitis include; infants less than 12 months of age, children born at a low gestational age (less than 32 weeks), and children with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, or immunodeficiency. Standardized and proper diagnosis and management are essential to effective treatment. The guideline established by the Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2014 provides practitioners with recommendations for diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis in children.