Drop Jump Experiment

Figure (14): Anteromedial view of the left knee, showing the injury grading scale established by the American Medical Association Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries. Isolated grade-I injuries present with localized tenderness and no laxity. Isolated grade-II injuries present with a broader area of tenderness and partially torn medial collateral and posterior oblique fibers. Isolated grade-III injuries present with complete disruption, and there is laxity with an applied valgus stress. ( 70 )

Bonnechere and all’s purpose of writing this article was to “ [share] a biomechanical analysis of three different sprint start patterns to

Bonnechere et al. supports their claims by conducting a biomechanical analysis on twenty five males, all young and fit, and recording measurements in different areas (Bonnechere et al., 2014). However, the study exemplified field-of-view (FOV) and kinetic energy, and their relation to sprint starting positions and safety. Field-of-view is “[a] ratio between the height of the head and Verticality [,]” (Bonnechere et al., 2014). An increase in FOV will lower the injury risk, because players are more alert of their environment. Ergo, they can avoid injury. According to the averages of each stance and the categories, initial position and motion, “[t]he FOV is increased when adopting a 2-point starting position because the trunk is more vertical,” (Bonnechere et al., 2014). Simply, when the angle between the body’s trunk and head is approximately straight, the FOV is high.

The years between 1825 through 1850 were filled with reforms ranging from political reforms to religious reforms. This era is commonly known as the Jacksonian Era. Prior to the Jacksonian Era, the early 19th century was classified to be a period of extreme instability. The Jacksonian Era involved many new ideas such as King Mob, the spoils system, expansion towards the West, and the Bank War. These characteristics of the Jacksonian Era brought stability and set a foundation for which its people could start reform movements. Even though not all these reforms were successful, they all had the goal of expanding democratic ideals.

Each year, approximately a quarter of a million physically active young people experience an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and seventy percent of these ACL injuries will be sustained while engaging in non-contact activities such as sudden deceleration while landing (Begalle et al., 2012). This type of injury is grossly detrimental not only on the occasion in which it occurs but also for the subsequent years to come. The majority of individuals who injure their ACL also go on to either, re-injure that same ACL, or injure the opposite knee. Furthermore, our bodies are put in tremendously vulnerable planes of motion during sporting events, especially during activities such as, basketball, football, or soccer. In this day

In the final analysis, ACL tears are more commonly found in females because of the anatomical structure of women, improper body mechanics, and the differences in female’s circulating hormones. The human female structure has many differences to the male structure, such as muscle stiffness, stronger quadriceps than hamstrings, a wider pelvis bone, and smaller intercondylar notches. These differences in male and female structure can lead to why ACL tears are more frequent in females. Another reason as to why females are more prone to knee ligament tears is because of of the improper body mechanics performed by women. During sports, contact or noncontact studies show that women perform cutting movements that are more erect rather than a crouched

Football and track and field involve repetitive bouts of quick acceleration for short and long periods, sudden changes in direction of maximum force may contribute to the high rate of hamstring strain commonly found amongst these sports. (Ropiak & Bosco, 2012). Regardless of all the aforementioned studies, there is not one exact cause of injury during high speed, kicking sports (Lees, Asai, Andersen, Nunome, & Sterzing,

There have been higher incidences of serious knee injuries among female sports, especially those that include jumping and pivoting. In particular, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates are more commonly found in female sports. Previous research has shown ACL injuries are primarily due to noncontact mechanisms that include sudden deceleration, landing, and pivoting maneuvers (Mihata, Beutler, & Boden, 2006; Yu & Garrett, 2007). High-risk sports such as basketball and soccer expose athletes to these potential injuring forces. Despite the many similarities between male and female sports, females often have a higher rate of ACL injures (Mihata et al., 2006).

For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit-and-reach. A correlation was also found between the modified sit-and-reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach.

There are many types of cutting maneuvers involved in sports. Potter et al (12) exemplified a crossover cut as crossing one leg over the planted leg and accelerating in the same direction of the push off leg. From the agility test conducted by Potter et al (12), performing a crossover movement after prolonged activity resulted in less hip and knee flexion than the baseline. It has been shown that when the knee is in a less flexed position with angles ranging from 0° to 40°, the ACL may be subjected to larger anterior shear forces than at a more flexed position potentially increasing the risk of a ligament tear (11).

This study evaluated 90 total ACL injuries from soccer players ranging from a mean age of 19.4 ± 2.3 years.1 The reported mean age at injury was 17.4 ± 1.9 years, with the highest injury rate at 18 years of age.1 Of the total 90 injuries, 48 were the dominant leg, 62 occurred on artificial turf, 57 occurred in players wearing round spikes, 41 occurred in defenders, 54 occurred during defense, 56 occurred during a game, and 55 were non-contact injuries.1 Furthermore, of the 55 non-contact injuries, 29 occurred during a cutting maneuver and 22 occurred during pressing.1 Assessing the results, it was discovered that non-contact injuries during pressing were significantly more common than contact injuries during pressing.1

Functional braces reduced the abduction angle in the knee when forces were applied at 0 degrees of flexion, while prophylactic knee braces had no effect on joint movement. In functional bracing conditions at a knee flexion of 30 degrees, the abduction angle reduced from 0 percent to 22 percent. When prophylactic braces were applied, there was no change in the angle, suggesting that there was no effect between the non-braced and prophylactic braces conditions.(4/568) When the MCL was intact, neither condition of braces had an effect on the ACL load when force was applied. The MCL load was decreased by functional braces but not by prophylactic braces when force was applied.(4/570) While the force conditions in this study did not exactly simulate the contact received during athletic competition, they were accurate representations of the minimal force applied during these events.(4/569)

This study included 28 patients who underwent ACL surgery performed by the same 2 surgeons and standard rehab protocol was done in the same physical therapy clinic, with all the same exercises and progressions. The Battery Test uses exercise analysis to grade the participants. The exercises include measurement of isokinetic strength, single hop for distance, triple hop, side hop, and a jump-landing assessment. There were also patient surveys that asses their feelings about the overall health of their knee. The participants completed this testing 6 months after surgery, which is the average RTP time frame for basic ACL rehab protocol. Out of all 28 patients, only 2 individuals passed this test and can be considered safe for RTP. This information is extremely important for anyone who has the authority to grant RTP to any athlete. Allowing patients back to play too soon is extremely dangerous and can cause further injury. Using this specific test to determine RTP decisions is a great technique to utilize in athletic

Most children grow up having dreams and wanting to succeed. So, what if someone told these children that they could not succeed, just because their parents’ income is low and where they live is not great? Unfortunately, this is not just a made up scenario. When pressed to meet national standards of success, some school systems fail; unfortunately not only do they fail themselves, but they fail the students’ ability to succeed. For years the problems that lead to a failing education system have been examined. Specifically, in the movie Waiting for Superman, the audience is presented with specific failing systems or “dropout factories” and how they affect the education of the students. The overall goal of Waiting for Superman is to raise awareness for the failing public school system in hopes that someone makes a difference. The movie analyzes and presents the problems behind the failing system by utilizing real families, factual evidence, and using the design elements of music and pacing.

For centuries, the people of America have faced and fought prejudice and inequality of various forms. We are constantly bombarded by the media and news with examples of discrimination. Either highlighting an incident or inaccurately portraying the “perfect’ size in advertising. Many have fought tirelessly to achieve equality and rid of prejudice towards those seen as "different". I find it sickening to see others shamed and hated for things such as the color of their skin or not being like the majority of others. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, you can find examples of prejudice and hate in many instances.