Discontinuous Species Criticisms

CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE 1. Imagine if there was a law that told people how many kids they could have, or how big their family could be. Even though it might sound rather harsh, the one-child policy wasn't bad at all. The one-child policy was passed in the 1980s, and was created in order to reduce China's population rate.

“The main lesson of biogeography is that only evolution can explain the diversity of life on continents and islands.” (Coyne 109).In convergent evolution 3 of the six components discussed in chapter 1 are working together. These 3 components are common ancestry, speciation, and natural selection. If evolution did exist, ancestors of species today that lived in the same place, when dug up, should be fossils that resemble organisms today.

This could make sense when viewed in the context of the fossil record. Saltationists would argue that there really are no gaps in the fossil record. The dramatic changes noted in the fossil record would be products of macromutations which are signs of natural selection. This cannot be the case for two distinct reasons. First, large macromutations are considerably maladaptive for an organism. In this sense, the size of a mutation will determine whether the organism will survive and pass on the mutated gene. Larger mutations will be less likely to be selected, because they will produce large behavioral abnormalities in the organism, which will significantly impair the organism in carrying out normal species-typical behaviors for survival. In turn, the organism will probably die before it is able to successfully reproduce. In addition, some mutations that are termed macromutations are not really macromutations at all, but instead small changes in the genetic instructions that produce large changes in the individual.

Evolution takes time, really long time in fact. It is too long for we human to witness the process of any evolution. However, we cannot tell that evolution is not happening

In virgin females 40 to 50% are able to successfully kill the males. Rarely a male is able to survive a second copulation which usually takes longer than the first time they mated (Herberstein et al. 2010). In addition, these types of attacks are known to affect the proper placement of semen plugs that are commonly used by Latrodectus species. Sperm plugs are used not only in black widows, but in different types of species as a mechanism to prevent copulation or fertilization of the female by other males (Neumann Rainer & Schneider M. Jutta. 2011). Some arthropods use pieces of their copulatory organs (in the case of black widows, the sclerite) as a ‘block’ that is placed inside the female in order to prevent copulation (Neumann Rainer & Schneider M. Jutta. 2011). This strategy however has a high cost and may affect the reproduction rates of this species. In addition, proper placement of the sclerite is crucial since number of offspring is directly related to fertilization success (Neumann Rainer & Schneider M. Jutta. 2011). Finally the failure to place the sclerite properly results in a high risk that females will remain unfertilized leading to high reproduction cost. Some studies have suggested that in the case of virgin couples, about 46% of the males failed to place the sclerite in a proper position in order to achieve fertilization and protection for paternity. Body size and fitness are important in

The surviving species with the right amount of traits take advantage of these niches and live in them. This is called adaptive radiation. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120901_afterextinction

This occurs when a species is separated and mate with a different species, changing their genetic composition, if then the two species were to be brought back together and mate again, it would cause what is called ‘gene migration’. This process gives so many different variations among the species, which allows more and more variation and population. This process also explains endangered species and extinction.

Speciation can take place in two ways, generally (Daempfle, 2016). A single species may change over time in a way that is very different from its original form. Furthermore, it may even become a new species. This is known as anagenesis. A species may become spilt into two separate groups, and the two may not share the same gene pool. This is known as cladogenesis. In both anagenesis and cladogenesis, reproductive isolation happens. Sympatric speciation happens as populations of species that share the same habitat become reproductively isolated from one another. This phenomenon commonly happens through polyploidy, which offspring will be produced with twice the normal number of chromosomes. Organisms with two pair of normal chromosomes can not

The modern concept of species is difficult to apply to asexual organisms, fossil organisms, populations at an intermediate stage of divergence, and allopatric populations. There is no way to check interbreeding in extinct fossil organism. We cannot determine interbreeding in dinosaur fossils. We cannot acquire breeding information from asexual species, such as bacteria that use binary fission. Populations in an intermediate

First to understand reproductive isolation you must know what speciation is meant to natural selection. Speciation occurs when natural selection dives one species to split into two or more species (Bethel University, 2015). When speciation occurs, it can leave a one of the groups in reproductive isolation which is the inability to mate. This can occur for a few different reasons there could be a barrier that creates divide or unique phenotypical traits that will not allow for the mating with another species. This essentially will lead to the extinction of the new species that is doomed to reproductive isolation

Henry Morris, Ph.D., of the Institute for Creation Research, proclaimed that “the lack of a case for evolution is clear from the fact that no one has ever seen it happen. If it were a real process, evolution should still be occurring, and there should be many "transitional" forms that we could observe. What we see instead, of course, is an array of distinct "kinds" of plants and animals with many varieties within each kind, but with very clear and -- apparently -- unbridgeable gaps between the kinds.” But if evolution is not taking place and there are unbridgeable gaps, how could Morris explain what happens when two species, let’s say humans, breed. The DNA from two individuals combines and traits from both parents will be present in the offspring.

Theory of evolution saw Darwin’s prediction of extinction and brought to life the process in which an organism no longer exists. Species can go extinct for many reasons including, the death rate is higher than the birth rate resulting in the species becoming extinct over a long period of time. Also if there are changes to a species habitat they cannot adapt to or they can’t compete with other organisms then this will also result in extinction.

The discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun has answered many questions and solved many mysteries about the life of people in Ancient Egypt. However, the life and death of the boy king is still a mystery itself. For example, one continual argument and mystery is how King Tut died. Although there are many opposing theories, King Tutankhamen died because he was already weak from genetic diseases, then broke his leg, which got infected and caused King Tut to die.

Because niches were freed, new animal species began propagating trying to utilize the available space. In the due course of time, the species gave rise to other species and reshaped the planet, imposing an entirely new order. So, chance eventually creates order characterized by certain patterns of life. Like changes in the environment, the emergence of the specific patterns cannot be predicted.

Charles Darwin broached the theory of natural selection in his book the Origin of Species, which has been considered the basis of evolutionary biology to this day. Natural selection is when populations of a species evolve over the course of many generations. Darwin believed that species were not created separately, but instead, species were derived from one another. In other words, the evolution of species creates many variations among creatures, and this is because all of those species came from a common ancestor, and characteristics changed to increase the species chance of survival.