Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurocognitive behavioral developmental disorder that affects about 5% of adults and is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Individuals with ADHD have severe impairments in the social, academic, and health domains. Most ADHD research focuses on individuals with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) and features predominantly male samples; limited research exists on the Inattentive type (ADHD-I). More recently, Haack, Villodas, McBurnett, Hinshaw, and Pfiffner (2016) examined potential pathways between inattentive symptom severity and positive and negative parenting practices, and functional impairment (i.e., academic, school, home) in a sample of children with ADHD-I. To expand …show more content…
Firstly, the researchers failed to operationalize their functional impairment domains (i.e., social, home, academic impairment) of interest, which would have added clarification and narrowed down their topic of interest. The authors could have referred to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th edition to operationalize their impairment criteria. Throughout the introduction, the researchers use the terms ADHD symptoms and inattentive symptom severity interchangeably, which generates confusion among readers, especially in reference to previous …show more content…
waves). Nevertheless, this design made it particularly susceptible for participant attrition. Initially, the study sample was socioeconomically diverse and was comprised of 228 girls (140 girls with ADHD and 80 comparison girls) aged 6-12 years. The researchers omitted a subgroup, which was more likely to be of minority ethnicity, and have a lower household income and IQ. This omission decreased external validity and provided a restricted range for generalizability. Nevertheless, the extensive diagnostic screening process ensured valid participant data. The study’s inclusion criteria allowed for common comorbidities (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder), which presents the issue of a potential third variable influencing the
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is classified as a syndrome that is comprised of a variety of behaviors that often arises in early childhood and is characterized by extremely high levels of motor activity, difficulties with attention span and concentrating, and/or impulsive behaviors (Cook & Cash, 2011). It has been estimated in the United States that approximately 20% of children and adolescents display signs of a psychological or behavioral disorder according to Luthy, David, Macintosh, Eden, and Beckstrand (2015). ADHD is considered one of the more prevalent psychological disorders in children, with approximately 3-7% of school-age children with an ADHD diagnosis as mentioned by Luthy et al. (2015).
A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D., &Lahey, B. B. (n.d.). The Children’s Impairment Rating Scale (CIRS).Psychometric properties of an impairment rating scale for children with ADHD. Manuscript under review., 1-28. Retrieved from http://ccf.buffalo.edu/pdf/DBD_interiew.pdf
The main topic of this page is information and statistics pertaining to children that possess the disorder of ADHD. It provided several statistics amongst the boys and girls that have ADHD. It also provided percentages and rates of how many children are diagnosed with the disorder. It revealed that statistically proven boys are more likely to become diagnosed with the disorder than females are. This site also provided statistics ad ratings of the different treatments that children are taking and how many American children received treatment for the disorder in 2011. There was also a percentage representing the children that may have been diagnosed with the disorder but are not receiving any type of treatment for it. There are also facts supporting that parents that may have been diagnosed with the disorder are more likely to reproduce children that suffer from the same disorder opposed to parents who have not been diagnosed or exhibited any behaviors or symptoms of ADHD. It is also quoted that children that have been diagnosed with the disorder may form a issue with maintaining any relationships or friendships amongst their peers. There was also a percentage that supported the fact that the children that suffer from the disorder of ADHD have a higher rate or major injuries and hospital visits compared to the average child. There is also a high economic cost to care and treat children that suffer from this disorder.
Hyperactivity, for example, is more frequent in children from families with marital discord, conflict and hostile parent-child relationships (Taylor, 1994). Parents of ADHD children are more likely to be more negative towards their children than other parents (Cunningham and Barkley, 1979), but this could be a response to the demands of living with a child with challenging behaviour (Barkley, 1990; Taylor, 1994). The progress of associated problems such as conduct disorder may also be parenting and social factors.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, is the lifespan neurodevelopment disorder, that symptomizes of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, forgetfulness, distractibility and hyperactivity and is highly heritable and this heritable disorder has been transition, or a process that events throughout the lifespan should not affected it, into adulthood (Swift, Sayal, & Hollis, (2014); Ertekin, et. al.,). Often, adults with ADHD also experience a negative effect on socio-personal adaptation (Miranda et al., 2014). Young adults with ADHD fall I not the category between Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, also known as CAMHS, and Adult Mental Health Service, or AMHS: it is possible that ADHD in adults is not recognizable
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”) is a common childhood disorder that represents developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity and overactivity. It occurs in 3% to 5% of the school age population as stated by (Craighead, Craighead, Kazdin & Mahoney, 1994). Another author (Barkley, 1981) stated that ADHD occurs in at least one child in every classroom. As a result of these statistics, ADHD has become one of the most commonly referred and heavily studied psychological disorders of childhood. Studies show that about 50-60% of children with ADHD in the age range of five to seven years are hostile and defiant. By the
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a complicated and interesting history and because of that it is important to understands this disorders implications and comorbidity to better treat and diagnose it. Research done by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that 11% of the US population between the ages of 4-17 are affected with ADHD; that’s 6.4 million children and the prevalence of diagnosis is only increasing (2016). It was generally assumed that ADHD was something children would grow out of but new studies show that approximately 4% of the adult population in the US are still suffering from ADHD or have developed ADHD (Breyer, J. L., Lee, S., Winters, K. C., August, G. J., & Realmuto, G. M. 2014). ADHD is
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed neuro-developmental disorder [1] The percentage of children between the ages of 4 and 17 years, diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has consistently risen from 7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007. As of 2011 11.0% (6.4 million) have been diagnosed with ADHD. When comparing 2003 to 2011 data this indicates that the proportion of children having a history of (ADHD) increased by 42% in less than a decade. Suggesting an increase of 2 million additional U.S. children/adolescents aged 4 to 17 years had been diagnosed with ADHD in 2011 in the United States alone. There are gender differences with boys (13.2%) more likely to obtain a diagnosis when
Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) crosses gender, cultural, and socioeconomic lines, but it does not render adolescents from participating or excelling in the academic process. ADHD disorder has been defined as a neurobiological development disorder of impaired executive functions that significantly affects self-control, behavior, cognition, and learning. (Anthony L. Rostain & J. Russell Ramsay, 2005) According to a study conducted by the American
The validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring for the first time within adulthood has been in recent years heavily debated. ADHD is a serious, oftentimes depleting developmental brain disorder, predominating in young children and adolescents (Muller & Asherson, 2012; Karam, et al., 2009; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011; Tannock, 2013; Faraone, et al., 2006). ADHD is defined as a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more regularly exhibited and more severe than observed in individuals of an equivalent developmental level (Faraone, et al., 2000; Muller & Asherson, 2012). Symptoms comprise of forgetfulness, lack of attention, physical restlessness, impulsivity, disorganised and hyperactive behaviour (Muller & Asherson, 2012; Hesslinger, et al., 2003). DSM-IV diagnostic criteria requirement is symptoms must have presented prior to seven years of age, six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more hyperactivity-impulsivity be present, and there be impairment within social, work and academic (Faraone, et al., 2000; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011;
The purpose of this research was to describe and understand Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the most effective treatment options that are available today. ADHD is a mental health disorder that affects 3-9% of the population in ways that, if left untreated, can wreak havoc on the mind of the sufferer. It makes concentration difficult, large tasks seem insurmountable, and causes impulsive and hyperactive tendencies. Fortunately, research and experiments have led to new and effective treatments to help those who suffer from this disorder (Dupaul 8). This research examined journal articles and internet sources on the topic to help unlock the complexities of the disorder through scientific research. It also was a way to
ADHD is an abbreviation for attention deficit/hyper activity disorder. It is commonly referred to as a psychiatric disorder in need of therapy. The origination of the disease is in the neuro-physiological brain construct, and the main cause of the disorder is considered to be genetic (Wilson, 2012). Many children with ADHD struggle with impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention (Unnever, Cullen, & Pratt, 2003). According to McNamara, Vervaeke, and Willoughby (2008), “attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder among children and adolescents. It affects between 3% and 5% of school age children” (p. 38). In a
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects school aged children with a high degree of inattention, excessive hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination of any of these. In order for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD, there must be two different environments in which the child has displayed his or her symptoms and it must occur before the child is twelve years of age (Halter, 2014). Children have a high comorbidity level with developmental, learning and psychiatric problems. There are three types of ADHD; inattentive type, hyperactive-impulsive type and combination type. With inattentive type the child displays disorganization, is unable to complete tasks, becomes easily bored, and
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition affecting children and adults that is characterized by problems with attention, impulsivity, and overactivity” (CHADD). “It is a neurobiological disorder that affect 3-7 percent of school age children and may be seen as before the age of 7. The current diagnostic label is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, however, in the past several other names have been used, such as brain-damaged, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperkinetic impulsive disorder, and attention deficit disorder (CHADD). ADHD is a controversial disorder. Some understand it to be a true disability, while others believe “good teaching and discipline at home resolve the problems” (Kauffman 2005).
(Transition: Now that we have looked at the basics of ADHD, let’s turn to a study recently conducted on ADHD that illustrates about how adults in experimental studies treated with prescription drugs can lead to an enhancement of parenting