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Disability In Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by synovitis, joint damage and subsequent physical dysfunction. Assessment of physical disability helps in finding out the extent of disease activity. (18) The scores calculated for this assessment correlate well with the joint damage. Regular assessment of patient’s status is also necessary for monitoring the response of treatment.
Various assessment tools are used to objectively assess the disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cadena et al (19) carried out a study in Clinica Universitaria Bolivariana in Medellin, Colombia with a sample size of 79 using Quality of Life for RA scale and Rheumatoid Attitude Index. The study revealed that nineteen patients (24%) …show more content…

Type 2 DM constitutes more than 95% of all adults with diabetes mellitus. India is one of the centres of the global diabetes mellitus epidemic and has the second highest number of people with the disease in the world (~69 million individuals as of 2015)(36)
Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed using the American diabetes Association ADA criteria(37) (38). The established glucose criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes that include the FPG (>126 mg/dl) and two hour plasma glucose > 200mg/dl during an OGTT is still valid. Additionally, patients with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis can be diagnosed when a random plasma glucose is ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). HbA1C, which relects the glycemic status of 2-3 months has been recommended for the diagnosis of DM with a threshold of > 6.5%.
Long-term complications of diabetes include microvascular and macrovascular complications(39). These complications are mainly attributed to the duration of disease and overall glycemic control. Micro vascular complications include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints; and autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Macrovascular complications include increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, and cerebrovascular

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