Diabetes: A Case Study Essay

The most significant difference between the regular insulin and the rapid acting insulin is the onset. The onset for rapid-acting or lispro is 10-15 minutes, and for the regular it is ½-1 hour.

The case study states Sam’s has a condition of insulin dependent diabetes and her complaint to her friend, of burning and frequency when going to the bathroom, we could provisionally diagnosis a probable urinary tract infection as a underlying trigger for the fever (Marshall, 1993, p274).

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a disease state, most often seen in individuals with Type I Diabetes. While it most often results from uncontrolled insulin levels, young children can often present in diabetic ketoacidosis as the initial presentation of undiagnosed type I Diabetes. The major symptoms of Type I Diabetes, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria, are often subtle and can be normal in growing children (Urden, Stacy & Lough, 2014; Wilson, 2012). Unless alert to the symptoms of Diabetes they can often be overlooked until severe enough to warrant immediate medical attention.

The stool specimens and blood samples were collected from both 48 diabetic patients (between June 2009 and October 2009) and 24 healthy people (between July 2009 and October 2009). Patient group consisted of 22 to 82 years old 18 males and 30 females with 10 T1DM and 38 T2DM, whereas the control group had 25 to 76 years old 4 males and 20 females without diabetes or any acute/chronic gastrointestinal tract diseases.

Found in young girls, yeast infections may frequently occur as a result of juvenile diabetes. Irritability can also take place in a child experiencing type juvenile diabetes (Couch 2008).

Classic symptoms of diabetes usually presented with newly diagnosed diabetics are: hyperglycaemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision, headaches, and unexplained weight loss. Ketone bodies are found in the urine, this abnormal finding occurs when fatty acid by-products (acetones) are excreted in the urine. The ketones are present from a lack of the insulin hormone used to metabolize fats and carbohydrates. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication which results from minimal useful insulin hormone in the body, hypoglycaemia, or insufficient food intake (American Diabetes Association, 2008).

Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin with antifungal activity. This agent is selective for fungal cells as it inhibits glucan sythase enzyme and therefore inhibits the synthesis of 1, 3 beta D glucan which is essential for the fungal cell wall. According to Micromedix anidulafungin is approved for adults and pediatrics older than 16 years to treat candida related infections. Anidulafungin is administered as a continuous IV infusion and has good efficacy against Candida species and Aspergillus species. It is suitable to be used in immuno-compromised patients, patients with azoles refractory infections and in those with renal impairment. However, this agent is not approved by the FDA to be used in pediatric population younger than 16 years; yet some limited studies have been done on this population to examine the safety and efficacy of anidualfungin; the results of these trials are promising although more studies are needed.

However, some investigators found that MBL serum level was higher in RVVC cases when compared it to controls indicating that MBL might be defensive against RVVC [13]. On the contrary, other studies reported that MBL level was lower in RVVC cases compared to controls [12, 32]. Nevertheless, they depended on measurement of MBL in vaginal fluid while in the present study, MBL was measured in serum. From practical point of view, determination of MBL level in vaginal discharge is technically too difficult to perform and to standardize. Even more, the entity of vaginal fluid is changeable throughout menstrual period [33].

First a clean catch urine sample which is a urine sample collected after cleaning off urinary opening and catching urine midstream to minimize contamination. Second test to be completed was a urine C and S. This is a laboratory test that is an attempt to grow on bacteria on a culture medium in order to identify it and determine which antibiotics is sensitive to the bacteria. (2013) Final test to be administered was a KUB which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Completions of the urinary analysis exhibited pyuria (presence of pus in urine), bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine), and slightly acidic ph (oxygen deprived fluid). After the x-ray test acute pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney. resulting from the cystitis, which already has made its way up to the kidney and the bladder. Pyelonephritis is the most common types of kidney disease. There may be large amount of white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. Pyelonephritis could explain the bloody urine. (2013) The patient was place on antibiotic and advised to drink lots of fluid in amount of two litters per day. This is common treatment for a patient diagnosed with urinary tract

Normally, a number of different kinds of Candida species are present in the body, but they don’t cause any harm. However, whenever the body experiences stress or the immune system is compromised, the fungus can proliferate excessively and invade the bloodstream, which can lead to a systemic Candida infection. This results in the many toxic effects of this fungus.

Some of the symptoms of yeast infection, that they show in their website, are pain area in the vagina, pain circumstances that can occur during sexual intercourse or during urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, vaginal inflammation, or vulval inflammation and redness. They state that this infection is usually self-diagnosable. Some of the treatments proposed by both, CDC and Mayo Clinic, are oral antifungal drugs or application of antifungal cream for one or three days cures mild infections but that complicated infections require a longer-term treatment. Some of the names of these antifungal medications are butoconazole, nystatin, fluconazole and

There is often a misconception among men that it is a very small problem, which will disappear after some time. However you would be surprised to know that candida infection can also in extreme cases be fatal if left untreated. There is lack of awareness among people about its symptoms and this prevents an early diagnosis

-one of the most common vaginal infections seen in both pregnant & non pregnant women

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus. This means that that C. albicans has to different phenotypic forms, an oval shaped yeast form and a branching hyphal form. C. albicans normal habitat is the mucosal membranes of humans and various other mammals including the mouth, gut, vagina, and sometimes the skin. Normally C. albicans causes no damage and lives symbiotically with the human or animal host, even helping to breakdown minute amounts of fiber that are eaten in the host’s diet. The normal bacterial flora of the gut, mouth, and vaginal mucosa act as a barrier to the over growth of fungal infections like C. albicans. Loss of this normal flora is one of the main predisposing factors to an infection by C. albicans.

Candidiasis is a concern for patients with HIV/AIDS globally. The Literature data point out that this opportunistic pathogen is the leading cause of superficial and disseminated fungal infections in humans. 96% mycoses infection are caused by the Candida species1,2,3. In a healthy person, the Candida colonies that exist are mainly on mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts without showing any disease symptoms are most frequently identified as Candida species such as Candida Albicans (70%) and Candida Glabrata (7%)3,4,5,6,7. In immunocompromised humans, Candida frequently causes infections ranging from superficial mucosal lesions to disseminated or infection within the bloodstream6. Candida Albicans is the most common cause of hematogenously disseminated and fungemia. Candida albicans cause superficial infections that includes oral and vaginal thrush as well as chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis8. Being an important causative agent, it makes the condition difficult to treat and morbidity, superficial candidiasis of the skin, mucosa and nails have become a significant problem worldwide9. Although superficial candidiasis rarely presents a risk to the life of patients, it significantly lowers the quality of life9,10. Significantly high frequency of the occurrence of candidiasis, along with careful treatment.