Deformed Wing Virus Of Honeybees

The United Nations reports that approximately 70% of the world’s crops, valued at close to $US200 billion, are dependent on bee

Research areas studying the potential causes for the colony collapse disorder include: effects of pathogens and parasites such as the fungi Nosema and the varroa mite, pesticides such as neonicotinoids, environmental limitations and resource availability. I would like to propose fundraising campaigns here in Illinois for these studies. Most importantly, I believe we can make a difference by simply making the public aware of the issues. I would like to propose a educational campaign that, with your assistance, informs the public and beekeepers about the issue of colony collapse disorder. This campaign will also urge the public to use pesticides wisely and at times other than in the middle of the day when honeybees tend to be foraging and pollinating and to grow pollinator-friendly plants. Thank you for you time. I hope that with your help we can get the larger public to become active in preventing a potential future disaster for our

Restoration of the Bison is something that has been going on for the past two decades. As a matter of fact, several Native American tribes have come together to form the Inter Tribal Bison Cooperative (ITBC) which has been set out to bring bison back onto the American plains in the midwest. Bison have an intimate relationship in the traditions and rituals of Native Americans. The importance of bison within the culture has made bringing back the bison an important issue in the preservation of wildlife. However, some of the arguments made by the ITBC show that the bison's economic value should be the main factor why they should be brought back. Yet others involved in this cause suggest that buffalo restoration

In 2006, beekeepers in the United States began reporting unexpectedly high losses of their colonies, as much as 30-90 percent. The phenomenon came to be known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and its causation remains murky, as well as how to treat it. "The main symptom of CCD is very low or no adult honey bees present in the hive but with a live queen and no dead honey bee bodies present. Often there is still honey in the hive, and immature bees (brood) are present. Varroa mites, a virus-transmitting parasite of honey bees, have frequently been found in hives hit by CCD" (Honey Bees Colony and Collapse Disorder (CCD), 2012, USDA). However, this is only one of the speculated causes of CCD.

Honeybees, of the genus Apis, play a huge role in our environment through pollination. One in every three bites of food you eat depends on pollinators. Pollinators transfer pollen and seeds, allowing the plant to grow and produce food. Without bees pollinating, many plants would eventually die off, including the crops that humans eat. But like any other living organism, they are subjected to disease and pests that are harmful to their population. The effective defense against disease is the most vital aspect of keeping a bee colony functioning properly. Their most effective defense mechanism that can lead to self-healing is their behavior of removing as many harmful agents as possible, such as parasites, from their colony. If the dead organism is too large, they will cover it with propolis, which prevents release of pathogens during decomposition of the body. The most important defense against disease, however, is their hygiene behavior. If they find an infected larva in a sealed cell, they will uncap the cell and remove the infected larva from the colony. If adult bees become ill, they will be forced

Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman, 2000) is currently one of the most serious parasitic mite that affects Apis mellifera L. colonies. This mite completes all its life cycle inside the beehives, sucking the haemolymph of the pupae and adult bees. When this mite colonizes a hives, the beekeepers must conduct different acaricide treatments to control parasite population size and prevent the death of the colonies. Currently, the control of the mite is based, mainly, on the use of synthetic acaricides, especially pyrethroids.

Problem: Decreasing Bee population caused by Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) During the 1980s onwards, the population of the bees had decreased at an alarming rate. The cause of the decline was “due to Varroa and tracheal mites: The first Varroa mite infestation was reported in 1987; tracheal mites were first detected in 1984.” [8] These die-offs forced many bee-keepers out of employment. These die-offs during the past were called by various names: “spring dwindle disease, fall dwindle disease, autumn collapse, May disease and disappearing disease.”[3]

Honey bee hives will always have some mites within a colony but once natural remedies failed and the mite population has reached a certain percentage, it is necessary to use chemicals to retake control of the mite infestation in the colony. Individuals reporting the effects of varroa after they arrived in the U.S. stated that honey bee colonies would not survive unless beekeepers intervened with a chemical treatment (Ellis 2016). A bee colony can be treated for some of the bee viruses that are passed from the mites to the bees but if the mites are not controlled

During the past decade the presence of bee diseases, droughts and other variable weather conditions has reduced the supply of bees worldwide. In the United States for example, the past few years have seen bush-fires, droughts, the killer mite (Varroa destructor) and the Colony Collapse Disorder wreck havoc with U.S. honey crops by destroying nearly two-thirds of their colonies. This has lead to a market opportunity for other countries to sell their honey to the U.S., which happens to be the largest consumer (and 3rd largest importer) of honey worldwide.

Over the years, bees have received invasions from very dangerous parasites straight from a horror movie. For example Acarapis woodi are microscopic mites that infect the Trachea of bees by laying their eggs there, and feeding on their fluids weakening them considerably. The Varroa Destructor reproduces in honeybee hives, and are one of the bees greatest enemies. The female mites enter a hive cell, and lay eggs on the bee larva before the bees cover the cell in wax. When the

The Dutch have figured out how to use bumblebee as pollinators because they share so many similarities with honeybees; both honeybees and bumblebees are social nesters, their colonies are headed by a single queen, who is the main egg-layer (The Silence of the Bees, 2009). The daughters of the queen, also known as the “worker bees” do almost all the work and the drones ( which are the males) are only produced during the mating season. Perhaps the biggest consideration is an economic one. Considering the fact that bumblebees only last about two months and cost two-hundred dollars to rent per colony, whereas honeybees can last up to several months with colony rentals running only one-hundred to one-hundred and forty dollars. As a depressing result, the use of bumblebee pollination is usually confined to high-value crops like tomatoes. Clearly, the use of bumblebees is a step in the right direction, but not a final

Historically, the discovery and diagnosis of depression, has raised curiosity on how it affects the ones diagnosed with this disorder. Despite the understanding of depression, having changed over the years that curiosity has remained the same. Regardless of ones perception on this, depression can have serious impacts on one’s life and it is important to recognize and treat this as antithetical disorder.

There are many parasites and pathogens that attack all stages of the honey bee life

While Diocletian’s inauguration as emperor in 284 A.D. managed to temporarily end the anarchy and reestablish peace and order in the Roman Empire, his unprecedented retirement as emperor 21 years later would establish a period of civil war amongst the Roman generals fighting for the throne. Eventually, only two Roman generals, Constantine and Maxentius respectively, were left fighting for the throne at Milvian Bridge. But the day before Constantine was due to fight Maxentius, Constantine claimed that after looking up at the sky and praying for anyone in the heavens to help him, he saw a huge flaming cross in the heavens, with a message inside the cross

The causative agent of ND, is now classified as a species Avian avulavirus serotype-1 (AAV-1). Recently, the 10th annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV, EC 48, Budapest, Hungary, August 2016), categorized the virus as a member of the genus Avulavirus of the paramyxoviridae family (Alexander, 1997) in the order of mononegavirales (Knipe and Hetsley, 2001; Mayo, 2002; Murphy et al., 1995; Afonso et al., 2016). The order mononegavirales has undergone several changes in 2017 ICTV report. It’s comprised of eight families hosting viruses with non-segmented, linear, single-stranded and negative-sense RNA. The designated Paramyxoviridae family is now where the causative agent of