Da Vinci Surgical System

The master console consists of an image processing computer that generates a true 3-dimensional image with depth of field; the view port where the surgeon views the image; foot pedals to control electro cautery, camera focus, instrument/camera arm clutches, and master control grips that drive the servant robotic arms at the patient’s side.6 The instruments are cable driven and provide 7 degrees of freedom. This system displays its 3-dimensional image above the hands of the surgeon so that it gives the surgeon the illusion that the tips of the instruments are an extension of the control grips, thus giving the impression of being at the surgical site. (Lanfranco, et al., 2004, Para. 12)

The surgeon's fingers crasp onto a joystick-like perpheril instrument which then controls the precise movements of the robotic arms. The device also gives the surgeon a sense of touch by giving feedback as to how hard or how soft the tissue is inside the patient.

There have been nearly 400,000 surgeries across the nation involving the da Vinci in 2013, nearly tripling the number just four years prior. There have been number incidents with the robotic surgeon, some including that the hand wouldn’t let go of tissue during the surgery and the robotic arm hitting the face of a woman as she lay there being operated on. These machines are generally used to remove gallbladders, prostates, wombs, to repair heart valves, and help with shrinking stomachs and transplanting human organs. Doctors who use these robots report that they are beneficial because they are less tired during the operation because most of their time requires sitting and amongst all benefits, robot hands

Minimally Invasive Surgical (MIS) techniques have developed in many areas, from vascular and neurosurgery, to genitourinary surgery, assisting physicians to perform highly intricate procedures every day with the help of MIS techniques. Barry (2011) states, “Recent estimates suggest that as many as 85% of all radical prostatectomies are now being done laparoscopically with robotic assistance.” These techniques have given the opportunity for patients to encounter less pain, faster recoveries, and smaller scars allowing patients to return to regular daily activities sooner. Additionally, robot surgeons Gerhardus (2003) stated “ Minimally Invasive surgery reduces the amount of inpatient hospital

High hindrances to passage: Intuitive Surgical has more than 650 U.S. furthermore, remote licenses and in addition Food and Drug Administration endorsements. Brand quality - da Vinci robots known among patients. Close imposing business model in robot-helped surgeries. High exchanging costs: Machines are costly and not effectively replaceable; specialists prepared

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During this time, is when the physician is able to enter data that is in 3D form into a computer, that will in return, program the computer for the purpose of assisting with removing certain areas of the bone. The controlled instrument has multiply joined arms, and they assist in controlling the 8mm instruments. The arms are also useful with helping to direct the binocular video endoscope towards the intended area (Hockstein, Gourin, Faust & Terris, 2007). The Robodoc is one of the computer-guided mills that have been used with patients in other countries, but has not been officially FDA approved in certain states of our country, due to the growing concerns of high complications. There are other devices such as the Acrobot that’s similar to the Robodoc and was designed to help with knee replacements, and temporal bone surgery (Hockstein, Gourin, Faust & Terris, 2007). Although the devices were designed, they haven’t been clinically tested, nor have they been FDA approved.

Cutting instruments are further divided into scissors and scalpels. Scissors vary by size, body type, curve and tips (sharp/sharp, blunt/blunt and sharp/blunt). Special-use instruments include spay hooks, groove director, retractors, and various orthopedic and ophthalmic instruments. Surgical blades come in various sizes and shapes.

Finding new ways to traverse the anatomy of humans with minimal consequences has always driven medical science. The company, Intuitive Surgical, has raised the bar starting in the early 2000s with a surgeon manipulated device named the da Vinci Surgical System (also called the da Vinci machine or the robot). This machine sits over the patient on the operating table while the surgeon is away from the sterile field, operating the da Vinci machine from a large console with a heads up display. The da Vinci Surgical System has been pushed into the limelight without the full review of flaws that have been presented through numerous studies, including: increased expenses, equal patient outcomes to alternatives,

There were more technological advances to permit surgeons to perform increasingly complex and difficult operations. The heart-lung machine was developed in 1953 by American surgeon John Gibbon for easier surgery on organs [3]. The operating microscope was developed in the 1950s providing surgeons with a way to perform operations on body structures like the inner ear and the eye, and recently enabling surgeons

Medical technology, for example, for what brings to mind is the Da Vinci Robotic Surgeon, which can perform very delicate procedures such as brain surgery. It is designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasive approach, and is controlled by a surgeon from a console. The system is commonly used for Prostatectomies, and increasingly for Cardiac Valve Repair and Gynecologic surgical procedures. According to the manufacturer, the American company Intuitive Surgical. “the Da Vinci System is called "Da Vinci" in part because Leonardo Da Vinci's, study of human anatomy eventually led to the design of the first known automaton in history.” Additionally, through robotics, many surgical procedures are now performed using lasers. Before this technology, patients were subjected to large surgical incisions, leaving enormous scars. Now, however, the laser surgeries are successfully performed and they have even cut patients’ hospital stays shorter or even on an outpatient basis. Additionally, advanced prosthetic limbs can give an amputee almost the same range of movement as human arms, legs and other various body parts. The Tmsuk Enryu “T-52

Robotic surgery involves performing laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgery (MIS) through the usage of the da Vinci robot, presented by Intuitive Surgical Corporation in 2000. This approach combines the advantages of both the laparoscopic procedures and open surgery and its application in medicine is associated with a major breakthrough in the area of complex surgical operations, such as those of the esophagus, liver, etc. (Ramirez & Lotan, 2015). Until recently, these procedures were performed using an open technique of conventional operation, in which the surgeon was required to cut a broad platform to gain access to the internal organs to overcome the insurmountable technical difficulties. Currently, however, the utilization of the

Robotic surgery is a relatively new and continuously evolving, minimal invasive surgery that is the type of surgery that requires the use of a surgical robot, which may or may not involve the direct role of a surgeon during the proposed surgical procedure. It combines traditional surgical methods with that of the robotic technology that has been around since 1985. The science behind the use and or need for a surgical robots help, was born from the necessity of needing a more precise tool over the human hand to do repetitive motions. In fact the key advantage of robotic surgery is its accuracy and ability to repeat identical motions. Robotic surgery or a robot assisted surgery can have better dexterity from an ergonomic viewpoint over the human hand which can become fatigued. A robotic tool on the other hand, will always remain stable and not tire. The robot used is defined as a system that has a motorized construction tool

Limited training mostly provided by the manufacturers marketing representative that work within the hospital or university environment for most part allow with two assisted surgeries with a surgeon with experience using the robot is all that is required to use the robotic equipment unassisted. There are no government or peer regulatory standards set for the robotic surgeon training or proficiency testing today after more than twenty year of use of robotic surgical equipment. The addition CO2 is necessary to expand the cavity so there is room to see and work in most minimally-invasive surgery.

The above diagram shows the mechanism as used on the apparatus. Link 1 on the top diagram is extended to point A. attach to point A is another link with pivot. The other end of this link terminated in a slider. In a machine tool where this mechanism is used the cutting tool is attached to this slider.