Currency and Foreign Exchange Market

Central banks intervene in foreign exchange markets by “influencing the monetary funds transfer rate of a nation’s currency” with the purpose of building reserves, keeping the exchange rate stable, to correct imbalances, to avoid volatility and keep credibility. It implies changing the value of a currency against another one. It creates demand or supply of a currency by buying or selling the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market. (Foreign Exchange Intervention)

All three options directly address problem of the current accounts and financial and capital accounts. While deflation and capital control can remedy both current account and financial and capital accounts, devaluation only has immediate impacts on the current account. (Figure 1 bellow illustrates direct impacts of each option to these accounts.) However, as exchange rates, interest rates, economic growth and balance of payments are interacted, when one components of the balance of payment improves, the other accounts will also recover. For example, when import demand increases, demand for the dollar also increases, and therefore can prevent the outflow of gold from official reserve. That being said, all three options can solve U.S balance of payment problem; however, there must be cost incurred that Kennedy government have to consider.

Using quantitative easing has helped the recovery of the USA and other developing countries. The Fed’s then limited their ability to pursue more measures, but congress ignored those appeals to help support the economy. The Fed’s decided to use smaller steps to help investor expectations and to prevent a possible financial crisis in Europe. In 2011 it was announced that the FED’s would hold short-term interest rates close to zero percent through 2013; to help support the economy. Soon after it was announced that using the “twist” operation would push long-term interest rates down, by purchasing $400 billion in long-term treasury securities with profits from the sale of the short-term government debt. Inaugurating a policy to help shape market expectations, which will raise interest rates at the end of 2014.

A. the short-term movement of funds from one currency to another in the hopes of profiting from shifts in

conducts the country's money-related approach to advance the stability of prices, increase employment and long-term loan costs in the U.S. economy;

We also need to take into consideration that by injecting more money to the economy, it will decrease the exchange rate and as a result it will depreciate the U.S. dollar.

The United States Federal Reserve has been conducting open market operations in the financial markets since 2008 in order to drive down interest rates and promote economic growth following the 2007-08 financial crisis. The subsequent recession, dubbed the Great Recession, destroyed $19 trillion in household wealth and nearly 9 million jobs. The highly controversial quantitative easing (QE) program, which refers to the process of introducing new money into the money supply, has been effective in promoting US recovery over the past six years.

This report discusses the association between the Federal Reserve System and U.S. Monetary Policy. It mentions that the government can finance war through money printing, debt, and raising taxes. It affirms that The Federal Reserve is not a government entity but an independent one. It supports that the Federal Reserve’s policies are the root cause of boom and bust cycles. It confirms that the FED’s money printing causes inflation and loss of wealth for United States citizens. It affirms that the government’s involvement in education through student loans has raised the cost of a college education. It confirms that the United States economy is in a housing bubble, the stock market bubble, bond market bubble, student loan bubble, dollar bubble, and consumer loan bubble. It supports the idea that the Federal Reserve does not raise interest rates because of the fear of deflating the bubbles they have created in recent years.

Money makes the world go round. We use it for just about anything, for example, paying bills, buying toys for the kids, getting the holiday ingredients for the family secret recipe, and we even use it as a gift for others. It adds value to some yet adds less to others. But what would happen if the supply of money was to suddenly decrease..or increase? Every bit of money you spend or receive is part of a complex organization known as the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System acts somewhat like the banks of all banks within the United States that controls our money supply by setting interest rates that can affect our economy. Determining how much you can buy or if you should buy now. The federal reserve should set a fixed interest

When the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) wants to increase the money supply, they buy up government bonds from the public on the bonds markets (Mankiw, 2009). The result of buying bonds puts money in the pockets of the public, if the Fed wants to decrease the money supply, they sell off bonds. It is generally thought that when the public has more money available to them, they will consume more. This increased consumption should lead to an overall increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and expansion of the economy.

Take the currency risk, and buy real, hoping it will appreciate in future. This seemed to be a favorable option because the real had consistently appreciated against the dollar over the past three years, and macro volatility is low and economic policy is sound although the fiscal and external solvencies are now a non-issue and the balance of payments is being backed up by strong inflows of dollar.

With no need to defend an exchange rate and no need to thwart an externally sourced currency crisis and no need to defend against speculators, there would be no need for the Central Bank of those three countries to

As interest rates bottomed out quickly after the onset of the recession, the Federal Reserve could no longer stimulate the economy with traditional and time-tested techniques. The controversial and unconventional method chosen by the Federal Reserve, and other central banks around the world, is known as “quantitative easing” (QE). QE functions by injecting large amounts of reserve capital into commercial banks with the hope that those banks will then be willing to lend the money at affordable interest rates. Ideally, the addition to economic activity affected by the influx of capital to banks should keep the value of the dollar relatively low, avoiding deflation and encouraging foreign investment by those wishing to take advantage of an affordable dollar. The cheaper dollar should also make American exports look more attractive to potential consumers in other countries. If interest rates stay low, and banks begin lending again, consumer and investor confidence should hopefully rise, leading to more spending and thus, economic growth.

This involves buying or selling financial instruments like bonds in exchange of money to be deposited with the central bank. By selling the financial instruments, the central bank mops up the cash in circulation. On the other hand, selling injects money thus increasing the supply of money (Bernanke 2006).

According to Elliot and Inman (2010) the American government announced that it would pump in additional money to help the ailing US economy for at least eight months. This is in an effort to accelerate growth and cut unemployment. In a speech by Bernanke on 3rd February 2011 to the National Press Club, the quantitative easing has been a great success. There has been massive increase of speculation in stock markets. Increases