CRYPTOGRAPHY: AES and RSA
2 AES
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a symmetric block cipher with variable key and fixed data length. The structure of AES is quite complex and cannot be explained easily compared to RSA. In an AES, all operations are performed on 8-bit bytes. The cipher takes a plaintext block size of 16 bytes (i.e. 128 bits). The key length can be 16, 24, or 32 bytes. Depending on the key length, the algorithm is referred to as AES-128, AES-192 or AES-256 respectively. The total number of rounds N also depends on the key size. The number of rounds is 10, 12 and 14 for 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit key length respectively. The
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The output of the final round will be the cipher text.
2.1 DETAILED STRUCTURE OF AN AES ALGORITHM
The key expansion works as follows: The initial key is expanded into an array of words. Each word is four bytes and for a 128-bit key, we will have 44 words (starting from w0 to w43). The initial key is copied into the first four words of the expanded key. The remaining words of the expanded key are filled in four words at a time. Each added word wi depends on the previous word wi-1 and the word four positions back wi-4. A simple XOR is used and the key is therefore expanded into the remaining words.
The AES algorithm has 4 basic transformations:
2.1.1 SubBytes
In this step, the algorithm uses a look-up table (LUT) or a substitution table/s-box to perform a byte-by-byte transformation on the state array. The byte s[i, j] becomes s’[i, j] after the substitution is done using the substitution table. The inverse SubBytes uses the Inverse S-box to perform the transformation.
2.1.2 ShiftRows
This second step in each rounds is a permutation of rows by circular left shift. The inverse shift row transformation is the inverse to ShiftRows as it performs the circular shift in the opposite direction.
2.1.3 MixColumns
The third step operates on each column separately. Each byte of a column is mapped into a new value which is a function of all the four bytes in that column. It is designed as a matrix multiplication in which each byte is treated as a polynomial in
the table $T_{vo}$ and table $T_{vc}$ shown as Figure~\ref{f:data structure access}(d) and Figure~\ref{f:data structure access}(e).
The uops that are to be computed are dispatched to ports 0, 1, 5 and 6 and are executed in the respective execution units. The execution units in Haswell are arranged in three stacks: SIMD integer, integer and FP which operate independent from each other. Each stack has different data types, potentially different registers and result forwarding networks. The data path can connect with a given stack for accessing the registers and forwarding network. Forwarding between networks may need an extra cycle to move different stacks. The load and store units access the port numbers 2-4 and 7 accesses the integer by pass network thus reducing the access to the GPR and latency for forwarding.
The parity bit is also used to restore the data because it matches the same parity bit that matches the data on other row and they can be used to restore the data.
That means a large number of descriptors in other items flushed out from the SIL descriptor list. Among these items only (2,1,4) in item $\left\{c\right\}$ and (3,1,3) in item $\left\{a\right\}$, $\left\{b\right\}$, $\left\{e\right\}$ and $\left\{f\right\}$satisfy the minimum threshold condition. Thus, it stores in PTable creating new key value and adds all items which have same descriptors. Observe one thing, in previous table key was (2-1-3) and value is $\left\{c\right\}$ which is replace by (2-1-4) in value $\left\{c\right\}$ because descriptor (2,1,3) totally subsumed by descriptor (2,1,4) for item $\left\{c\right\}$. In this process, we remove non-closed and non-parsimonious periodic patterns from the periodic table. In table \ref{Figure:example1} sixth row shows the SIL list and PTable after sixth timestamps. In this process, all item are combined based on the periodic descriptor information. Seventh row shows SIL and PTable list after seventh timestamp scans. After all timestamps scan, final parsimonious periodic patterns are shown in PTable in the last row of table
composes computerized information into 53-byte cell units and transmits them more than a physical medium utilizing advanced sign
It converts the functions for the application layer data. It compresses the data allowing it to be encrypted and more secure. It represents the data in graphical formats such as in JPEG, BMP, MPEG etc. as well as characterising the characters into text or ASCII.
The AES block cipher iterative encryption algorithm as implemented in WPA2 is considered to be so strong an encryption standard that the National Security Agency uses its 192-bit and 256-bit key lengths to encrypt Top Secret documents. For now and into the foreseeable future, the use of AES as implemented in WPA2 should be considered to be unbreakable.
FIPS-197: Federal Information Processing Standards 197. National institute of standards and technology issued this publication of Federal Information Processing Standards. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is categorized under Computer Security Standard, Cryptography. Advanced Encryption standard is basically an algorithm which is used in protecting the electronic data. This algorithm can be used for encryption which means conversion of data into ciphertext as well as decryption which means conversion of ciphertext into plaintext
Encoding is used to generate a coded output (such as BCD or binary) from a singular active numeric input line.
Describe an algorithm in pseudocode, prose, graphical, or any other representation, to collect and reconstruct the original datagram's data field based on this concept.
C2.26 I was concerned about the implementation of the fast encoding process as it was required to build a huge matrix, which would over exceed the range. I reshaped this huge matrix with the help of Matlab tool. Based on the simulation results, I concluded that longer parity-check will provide better the error detection as well as correction and can pre-calculate the parity check sequence.
In the above figure at first the data or the files is divided into small blocks of records and are replicated at three different places. After the job tracker receives the job to be performed it will locate where the information is and then allots a task to the task tracker in the slave node then the mapping will be performed first and it produces the key, value pairs which is given as input to the reduce. In between the map and reduce shuffling/sorting will be done where similar data will be gathered together and sorted. Now the structure information ie key, value pairs are given as input to reduce and then it will generate set of key, value pairs as output for the given key value pairs. Here deciding what will be the key and what will be value is developer’s responsibility. A simple map-reduce example which explains the method more elaborately is as follows:
Decrypt(KS , S , i, C): executed by a delegate who got a total key KS produced by Extract. On information KS, the set S, a record i signifying the cipher text class the cipher text C fits in with, and C, it yields the
Now-a-days security plays a vital role in eletronics world.The speed and area optimization is an important issue in today’s electronics.The AES is a cryptographic algorithm that is used to protect electronic data or information. AES algorithm is a symmetric key used in that can encrypt and decrypt
| Allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations and recalculate when data changes.