1. Abstract:-
Corrosion is a destructive attack of a material by reaction with its environment and a natural potential hazard associated with oil and gas production and transportation facilities. This material degradation results in the loss of mechanical properties like strength, ductility, impact strength and so on.
In order to ensure smooth and uninterrupted flow of oil and gas to the end users it is imperative for the field operators, pipeline engineers and designers to be corrosion conscious as the lines and their component fittings would undergo material degradation due to corrosion.
2. Introduction:-
Petroleum is naturally occurring yellow to black liquid found in geological formation beneath the earth surface which is then refined to get various fuels as petrol, diesel etc. It is derived from a Latin word “Petra” which means rock and “oleum” which means oil. Petroleum is generated in a source rock from which it migrates through a permeable and porous medium called the reservoir where it gets trapped by structures namely fault or cap rock. In present scenario, no doubt petroleum industry is governing world’s economy. The petroleum industry includes the processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum products. The industry is divided into three major streams which are upstream, midstream and downstream. Upstream mainly includes exploration and production of oil wells. Gathering, processing/refining, transportation and storage
TIlls topic begins by taking this idea further. Petroleum not only provides fuels, but is a source of
Society relies heavily on metals in nearly every aspect of life; however the corrosion of such metals has become a costly and very prevalent issue worldwide. Large amounts of energy, time and money has been poured into
Petroleum is created over millions of years from dead alagae that goes to the bottom of the ocean and is buried beneath the surface.
At the same time, pipeline safety regulations have become more complete, driven by better understanding of materials available and better techniques to operate and maintain pipelines” (“Why Do We Need Pipelines” 1). Since the 1830’s pipelines have come a long ways. Now instead of being made of iron, they are manufactured with very strong steel.
Petroleum is a thick and flammable mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth’s surface. It can be separated into fractions including natural gas fuels, lubricating oils and so on. There are some major oil producing regions around the globe. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia’s crude oil fields are the largest. But in Texas, the former world’s major oil region is now almost completely dry. The real catalyst for petroleum production is World War I. It is being produced in large amount during the war. Petroleum is a commercial product in this modern era. Sometimes, petroleum and crude oil are used to mean the same thing, or in other words, petroleum products after crude oil is refined in a factory. There are
The main usages of petroleum are bunker fuel, detergent, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, paint, photographic film, food additives, make up, medicine, and candles etc. Actually, the petroleum usages are very broad. If the country is experiencing oil shortage, everything must be very expensive. You may eat some food with food additives, which is a material from petroleum, in your stomach, even though you do not drive or travel around the world by airplanes. Moreover, petroleum has a lot of advantages to generate electricity. It is easy to transport and store because it is a liquid. Compared with natural gas, natural gas is hard to extract and store because it is gas. Natural gas requires higher technology to extract and store it. Moreover, the density of petroleum is higher than natural gas and coal. We can save more room to store petroleum. For government’s aspect, they may want to use some energy, which are stable and easy to store. Although the renewable energy is unlimited and eco-friendly, the costs of built and operate it are expensive. So, the fossil fuels are the best energy for us to use now. Peak oil crises affect our life, and we cannot find any energy to replace it.
Corrosion damage is responsible for a greater loss in material and economic investment than any other factor in our modern society. Billions of dollars are spent annually replacing or repairing plant equipment and structures damaged by corrosion. Although minor
Oil is a very important fossil fuel that is used for various sources of energy. Oil supplies power to industries, fuel for transportation, heat for buildings, and provides raw material for plastics, paints, textiles, and other materials (hybrid cars). To access this fossil fuel, oil drilling is used. Land-based oil drilling became less productive and as the global stipulation for energy increased, technology, law, and geology impacts stepped in and pushed the exploration of oil away from shores (CITE). With its historical background, offshore oil drilling is one of the most important aspects of today’s economy although we are faced with its risks and consequences, such as the BP Deepwater Horizon explosion of the Gulf of Mexico.
Petroleum is the name given to the black liquid composed of several molecules consisted of hydrocarbons with different weights combined with organic compounds. It is found in the deep formations underneath the Earth derived from the heat and high pressures upon dead organisms such as zooplankton and algae in sedimentary rocks and can be refined into different components such as fossil fuel to generate power.
Petroleum geologists are scientists who focus on the exploration, identification, estimation and extraction of oil and natural gas buried under the earth. They are also responsible for the discovery and exploitation of other combustible resources. The decision to drill a site is entirely theirs along with the determination of its economic viability
What actually is this infamous thing called corrosion? Corrosion is defined as “a process which metals in manufactured states return to their natural oxidation states” (Escobar et al. 1). To simplify this definition, the manufacturing process of metals must be understood. Simply, most metals cannot be found in nature as a pure form (for example, iron cannot be found as iron in the
The revolting liquid that originates from petroleum, popularly used as a fuel has become such a large part in how the modern world functions. Without it, evolution within the human race and technology would not have come as far as it is. Oil was not always used as frequently and at such a big mass as it is now. The 1800’s were when the boom of oil sands was discovered in the United States, and led to an even bigger industrial revolution throughout the country and worldwide. This led to more people working with oil and in the oil industry, and led to where we are today, with the amount of oil we use daily. It all occurred because of a man named Edwin Drake who revolutionized the way we use oil and how we access it. He also created a new power source for people to use oil for electricity and other innovations that drastically changed the economy.
Oil can be found near and far in places from the United States to Canada. Although this is true, one might ask where oil is naturally found, the answer being in the ground. Because it is found beneath the ground, humankind has created machines that drill the oil out. Such devices being oil drillers, reserves, drilling rigs, etc. “Petroleum- or crude oil- is a fossil fuel that is found in large quantities beneath the Earth's surface and is often used as a fuel or raw material in the chemical industry,”
The lifetime of a nuclear power plant is planned to be 40 years. Recently there are trails to raise this life in new constructions as well as the old ones to 60 years (1-4). During this prolonged lifetime components are exposed to degradation that may affect safe operation of the plant. Such influences affect pressure retaining items of the plant including reactor pressure vessel, reactor piping, bolting and threaded fasteners, steam generator materials and several other items (5).
Welded joints suffer from low corrosion resistance largely due to varying chemical composition, residual stress and metallurgical structure of the weld zone. This may lead to both the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the weld metal corroding much faster than the base metal, or the base metal corroding faster than the material at the weld zone.