Congestive Heart Failure Research Paper

Nearly 5.1 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with heart failure. Yet so many people don’t have a clue what it is until they have been diagnosed with it. Congestive Heart Failure, or CHF, is a disease that has many symptoms, can be tested and treated, has several causes, and can be avoided.

Congestive Heart Failure affects men and women equally, however African Americans are 1.5 times more likely to have Congestive Heart Failure than Caucasians ("Heart failure statistics," 2015). Congestive Heart Failure can affect people of any age; 1.4 million diagnosed Congestive Heart Failure patients are under 60 years old, 2% of Congestive Heart Failure diagnosed patients are between 40 to 59, and over 5% of people between 60 to 69 years old are diagnosed with Congestive Heart Failure ("Heart failure statistics," 2015).Over half of the Congestive Heart Failure diagnosed patients die within 5 years of being diagnosed ("Heart failure statistics,"

Heart failure describes a syndrome in which the patient has a dysfunctional heart incapable of sustaining an adequate cardiac output, and this syndrome is responsible for a large portion of cardiovascular-related deaths2. There are two types of left ventricular dysfunction, one is systolic dysfunction which has implications in defective ventricular ejection and contraction, and the other is diastolic dysfunction which has implications in dysfunctional ventricular relaxation and filling2. Heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction have an ejection fraction of less than 40%, and heart failure patients with diastolic dysfunction have an ejection fraction of greater than 40%. In the case study, the patient has a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% which means that he is suffering from systolic dysfunction.

Heart Failure is a progressive heart disease when the muscle of the heart is weakened so that it cannot pump blood as it should; the blood backs up into the blood vessels around the lungs and the other parts of the body (NHS Choice, 2015). In heart failure, the heart is not able to maintain a normal range cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Kemp and Conte, 2012). Heart failure is a major worldwide public health problem, it is the end stage of heart disease and it could lead to high mortality. At present, heart failure is usually associated with old age, given the dramatic increase in the population of older people (ACCF/AHA, 2013). In the USA, there are about 5.7 million adults who have heart failure, about half of the people die within 5 years of diagnosis, and it costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion each year (ACCF/AHA, 2013).

Though it sounds scary, Congestive heart failure is not as fatal as MI or more commonly known as heart attack. There are a lot of options if you have been diagnosed with a CCF. And there are different types of them. So, all you might need is a lifestyle change.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, it was once verified that angiotensin –converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) have been associated with enchancment in the clinical effects for HF patients. Then followed the introduction of the present day HF treatments; beta blocker, angiotensin receptor blockade, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT), with or without defibrillation therapy, left ventricular aid device and heart transplantation. Regarding the diagnostic possibilities, echocardiography has emerged as an vital device to consider HF patients, alongside with natriuretic peptides (NP). Despite this enchancment in HF medication, the mortality charge is high. Can tailored HF remedy with the assist of biochemical measures such as NP lead to a higher consequence for HF

Stem cells form the initial origin of all specialized cells, including blood cells, brain cells, tissue cells, and nerve cells. The human body is abundant in stem cells where they play a vital role in the body by helping to create, replace, or repair body cells and tissues. Stem cells divide to form new cells and can remain as they are or morph in a different type of cell with a specialized function. Stem cell research has shown that its benefits greatly outweigh the risks, giving hope to cancer patients, burn victims, and many others.

Heart failure (CHF) is a chronic illness of the heart where the heart muscles are not able to pump blood efficiently (Lange, 2011). Mrs. Lee is recently diagnosed with Chronic Heart failure and during her one week stay at the hospital has been getting bedside education by the nurse. As she is getting discharged, it is important for Mrs. Lee to review the

Over the years there has been some controversy on defining congestive heart failure due to a vast variability of the clinical signs and symptoms (Coronel, 2001). The American Heart Association defines it as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood” (Veronique, 2013). In this case report will critically analyse the general information of the giving condition in relation to the patient’s case.

Since the 19th century, scientists have been researching stem cells as cures for diseases. It was in the mid 1800s that it was discovered that cells were the building blocks of life and that there were some cells had the ability to produce other cells. (Murnaghan). With this discovery, many scientists set out to find the abilities stem cells were capable of having. The first use of the term “stem cell” has dated back to as early as 1868 by a German biologist named Ernst Haeckel. (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring 35-38). Stem cells are cells that either have the ability to divide and are able to become more identical stem cells or they could form specific cells of somatic tissues. With stem cells there are two types: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (Hum. Reprod. (2003). Embryonic stem cells are obtained from embryos. Many people oppose of

Heart failure is a disease that affects one of every five people in the world. There is no cure for this disease but there are many ways to help keep it under control and live a healthy life. Heart failure is the inability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently, so that is becomes overloaded. The heart enlarges with un-pumped blood and the lungs fill with fluid. This disease was previously referred to as congestive heart failure.

As a result of their abilities, stem cells have the potential to develop into many separate cell types in the body during early life. In addition, many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing practically without limit to replenish other cells as long as the organism is still alive (NIH, 2015). When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a function that is permanent.

The American Heart Association (2015) defines heart failure as a progressive condition in which the heart is incapable of pumping a sufficient amount of blood to meet the body’s requirement. Heart failure is caused by a structural or functional disorder cardiac condition that decreases the heart’s ability to eject blood (The American Heart Association, 2015; Alpert, Lavie, Agrawal, Aggarwal, & Kumar, 2014). The causes of heart failure include hypertension, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, valve disorders, and metabolic disorders (Nicholson, 2014). In addition, obesity has been positively correlated with heart failure, with up to 86% of obese patients being diagnosed with heart failure (Alpert et al., 2014). Heart failure affects approximately 23 million people worldwide and roughly 5.8 people are affected in the United States (Alpert et al., 2014). It is estimated that roughly 40 to 71% of people affected by heart failure have a normal or close to normal left ventricular ejection fraction (Alpert et al., 2014). The prevalence of heart failure increases with age and it is estimated that 6-10% of people over the age of 65 are affected (Kasper et al., 2015). Heart failure is a progressive disorder that is often initiated by an event that damages the heart muscle (Kasper et al., 2015). As a result, the myocardium is unable to contract as it normally would and the heart’s pumping capacity is deteriorated (Kasper et al., 2015). Although, the heart’s pumping capacity is

Stem cells are essentially undifferentiated cells; cells which are not yet adapted to a particular function, and have the capacity to differentiate into any specialised cell type within the organism. Every cell in plants and animals begins as these cells, created by mitosis and meiosis, and stem cells can continue to divide until they have become specialised and they lose this ability. After embryonic development, stem cells can be found all throughout tissues in the body, including the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver (Crosta, 2008). Whereas the stem cell is undifferentiated and has no specialised function, the specialised cells have the specific parts that allow them to carry out their function

Stem cells are the source of all the cells in the body. Besides giving rise to more specific cells with functions in