Congenital Hypothyroidism

TSH not only stimulates the thyroid gland to churn out more hormones. If in excess, can cause overwhelming cell growth and division to result in goiter.

Incidentally, there are actually two compounds made in the thyroid that are called thyroid hormone. The most abundant is T4, also known as thyroxine, which is then converted to T3, or triiodothyronine. T3 is the active form that produces the effects on metabolism.

Thyroid research came about after a paper published in 1850, written by Thomas Curling talking about two girls who had severe malformation and were placed in an idiot asylum. One of the girls, 10, could not walk or talk very well; the other, 6 months, “was plump but had a marked idiotic expression, a large face with a small

Methods: In this study, the genes for oncomodulin were cloned and after sequencing, two blastocysts were injected with two clones. Crossing the two oncomodulin heterozygotes generated an oncomodulin homozygote flox, and this flox was crossed with a mouse under the control of an actin promoter in order to create a mouse where oncomodulin was to be deleted. The mice were then put under anesthesia while their distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses were recorded. The cochleas were then microdissected and then antibodies were used to immunostain and study. Finally, confocal z-stacks were obtained from each ear and were imaged using Volocity software in order to see how the

Commonly, problems with the thyroid involve an abnormal production level of these hormones. It is called hyperthyroidism if there the thyroid hormones are overproduced, and this can cause things like Graves’ disease, Toxic adenomas, and subacute thyroiditis (7). Hypothyroidism is the underproduction of the hormones which can be caused by an inflamed thyroid, iodine deficiency, a non-functioning thyroid gland and more. Hypothyroidism is especially dangerous in infants and newborns as the lack of these thyroid hormones can lead to mental retardation and dwarfism (7). However, in humans hypothyroidism can be caused by things such as a pituitary disorder, a defective thyroid or a lack of the gland completely. (7)

To do this, the researchers exposed a second group of adult quail to the same hearing-damaging sound as the first and then injected them with radiolabeled thymidine. This allowed researchers to use autoradiography that produce low levels of background issues as well as being able to see 10 to 20 grains over red blood cells. The control birds were still given the injections, however, they were not exposed to the sound. The experimental group experienced the same pattern of damage as the birds in the previous experiment and thymidine was seen over hair cells and support cells in the damaged area. There was no thymidine observed outside of the damaged area. The transition zone of the basilar membrane, where tall and short hair cells are integrated, it seemed that the short cells were more often labeled than the tall cells. Tall cells do not lack the afferent auditory-nerve fiber innervation that is seen in short cells making them a more useful candidate for labeling. The researchers failed to identify location and mechanism of the activation of the precursor cells but remained hopeful that there may exist a way to restore inner ear sensory losses that are caused from injury of hair

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

Stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland by binding to a receptor on the surface of the cells of the thyroid (G protein -coupled receptors).TSH is stimulated by TRH hormone of the hypothalamus and is inhibited by Somatostatin hormone, as well as by thyroid hormones in a negative feedback loop.

The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes

Starting during prenatal development and continuing throughout life, thyroid hormones pay an important role in the cardiovascular system, the relationship in which has been seen to change in the case of thyroid dysfunction. The relationship between the heart and the thyroid has been demonstrated through a series of experimental and clinical studies and the results determined that in the case of hypothyroidism parameters such as blood volume and heart rate have been seen to decrease from 100% and 72-84bpm to 84.5 % and 60-80bpm respectively. The regular measurements of both the patients cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance have also been seen to change, shifting from 4.0-6.0 L/min and 1500-1700 dyn·sec/cm-5 to <4.5 L/min and 2100-2700

These hormones have a critical role in cell differentiation during development and help maintain thermogenic and metabolic homeostasis in the adults.12 Thyroid disorders are highly prevalent in the population and mostly affect women in childbearing age.13 In pregnancy, thyroid gland displays mild to moderate enlargement because of increased physiological demands. Thyroid function is altered by 4 factors in pregnancy: i) the transient increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during the first trimester, which cross-reacts with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor; ii) the estrogen-induced rise in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) which is the major transport protein for thyroid hormone; iii) increased autoimmunity; and iv) increased urinary iodide clearance, which can cause impaired thyroid hormone production in areas of low iodine supply.12,14-17 Consequently, the levels of both T3 and T4, the major hormones released by the thyroid, increase by ~50% and serum TSH levels decrease in the first trimester and increase in the second and third

Hypothyroidism is a disease where the thyroid does not make the accurate amount of hormones. If a person has Hypothyroidism they might encounter constipated, fatigue, weight gain, thinning hair, skin dryness, and or hoarseness of the voice. Peripheral neuropathy might occur after a constant untreated Hypothyroidism. The relationship is not really clear. Hypothyroidism can cause edema. MacKay-sims and Beard think Peripheral neuropathy may be a cause of olfactory disorders. Thyroxine is necessary for normal development of the Nervous System including the make of new olfactory receptor neuron. Hypothyroidism ruins the growth of the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory disorders are commonly caused by upper respiratory tract infections. It is unclear rather subjectively smell and taste is from primary hypothyroidism because a person has to special equipment. So, they decided to focus objectively focus on the relationship between the influence of hypothyroidism and

Thyroid hormone production is regulated by a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone and it is made in the brain by the pituitary gland. Since it occurs in the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones affect metabolism, brain development, body temperature, skin dryness, and it speeds up many of the body’s functions. The

Both hypo and hyperthyroidism are a result of a disease in caused by malfunction of the thyroid gland located in the neck as represented by the image below left. The causes of chronic hypothyroidism are fairly distinct. Around the world in third-world and developing countries, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. This used to be true as well for developed countries, but today this is a less common cause as iodine usually finds its way into our diets without too much trouble. In modern-day developed countries, hypothyroidism is mainly a result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a birth defect which lacks a thyroid gland or a deficiency of hormones from either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland.

Hypothyroidism is a complex thyroid disorder characterized by the production of thyroid hormones below normal levels, which commonly leads to the development of a broad spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms [1]. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the development and growth of organs and tissues and are essential to maintain quality of life. In addition, these hormones guarantee metabolic demands that interfere with the adjustment of flows and with the quality of digestive secretions, including those of the salivary glands [2].