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According to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2012, “783 million people, or 11 per cent of the global population, remain without access to an improved source of drinking water. Such sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collections.” (United Nations, 2012) The United Nations Water Conference in 1977 along with a few other conferences, addressed helping approximately “1.3 billion people in developing countries gain access to safe drinking water.” (United Nations, 2012) While there is progress being made, we see that various regions without clean drinking water. Reports show, “In four of nine developing regions, 90 per cent or more of the population now uses an improved drinking water source. In contrast, coverage remains very low in Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa, neither of which is on track to meet the MDG drinking water target by 2015. Over 40 per cent of all people without improved drinking water live in sub-Saharan Africa.” (United Nations, 2012) It is shown that rural areas still lack drinkable water as opposed to urban areas. Consistent improvement has been made to supply populated areas with a reliable source of drinking water. However, research shows, “Coverage with improved drinking water sources for rural populations is still lagging. In 2010, 96 per cent of the urban population used an

Demographic transition is the process by which a nation/country moves from high birth rate and high death rates to low birth and low death rates as the growth population in the interim (Weeks, 2005). Some of the nations that have gone through this transitions are; Canada, Germany, United States and England. The demographic transition to an industrialized society is harmful to the environment. Industrialized countries also have the largest ecological and carbon footprint comparative to developing/non-industrialized nations. Nevertheless, demographic transitions have some notable advantages. Countries that have gone through demographic transitions have low birth and death rates. Citizens in

Two out of every five people living in Sub-Saharan Africa lack safe water. A baby there is 500 times more likely to die from water-related illness than one from the United States. This is a serious ongoing issue that requires the rest of the world to take action. Water spreads diseases easily if the necessary precautions are not taken. Many developing African countries don’t have sewage treatment, or the people don’t have methods to filter and disinfect. Once a person is sick either there is no way to cure them, or medical care is too expensive, so they are left untreated with a high risk of death. Although many believe that the fight for sanitary water in Africa is insurmountable, people in these developing countries can overcome their challenge to access clean water and avoid water-borne diseases through proper sewage treatment facilities, universal water filtration and medical care.

A major challenge and cause of serious medical issues in Sub-Saharan Africa is the lack of access to a clean water supply. There are 345 million people that lack access to water in Africa. Unfortunately, when water is available it is high in contamination. When wells are built and water sanitation facilities are developed, they cannot be maintained properly to due to limited financial resources. Water quality testing is not performed as often as necessary and the people are unaware that the water may not be safe to drink. Oftentimes, when a source of water has been provided, the quantity of water is often given more attention over the quality of. Lack of clean drinking is the leading cause of diarrheal diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa and causes 7.7% of deaths in Africa. Diarrhea is caused by numerous bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms most of which can be spread by contaminated water. The importance of diarrheal diseases has mostly been overlooked. Through UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) there have been some accomplishments during the

The demographic transition theory is a widespread explanation of the changing mold of humanity, fertility and increase rates as civilizations move from one demographic system to another. “The term was first coined by the American demographer Frank W. Notestein in the mid-twentieth century, but it has since been elaborated and expanded upon by many others” (The Demographic Transition, 2012). There are four stages of demographic transition.

The demographic transition model describes how the population of a country changes over time. It gives changes in birth rates and death rates, and shows that countries pass through five different stages of population change (Stage one – High fluctuation, Stage two – Early expanding, Stage three – Late expanding, Stage four – Low fluctuating and Stage five – Decline)

The demographic transition is a three-stage model of population growth in Europe. In the first stage there is a stable population because birth and death rates are both high. The second stage happens as mortality rates begin to slowly decline, but birth rates stay high. When this stage happens, there is fast population growth. During the third stage, the population is more stable as both birth and death rates are low and are more or less balanced. In more recent years, a fourth stage as been brought on by Anti-Malthusians. During this stage, population shrinkage occurs because the deaths begin to outnumber the births. Europe provides a great example to the theory of demographic transition. After speedy population growth of stage two, Europe settled at stage three with a stable population. It is currently in stage four with a shrinking population. In most European nations there are lesser births than deaths which could ultimately create other social problems.

The three Countries I chose to talk about are, Afghanistan , China, And United States. I chose these places because they are in different regions of the world, with different development levels and population. Taking a look at the PRB I’ve noticed some great differences between these countries. Afghanistan has a high and stable birth rates, but its still low in population compared to the other countries, this is due to a high mortality rate of infants along with, 45% of its population under the age of 15 and 2% of the age of 65. I believe this to be a result of lack of resources and medicines of this low developed country, putting it in the second stage of demographic transition.

Many things like high unemployment, different cultural traits and the spread of cities have created two totally different countries. The comparison between the two countries further the accuracy of the demographic transition model because it shows the different stages of development. For instance, South Africa has a high birth and death rate while the US has low birth rates and death rates showing that the US is more developed. We can see this by looking at the difference in things like unemployment rate and life expectancy. Overall the US is more developed than South Africa shown by the differences between things like population, culture and

Explaining the demographic transition model is when model changes during time. The demographic model educates how crude birth and crude death rates changes over time. Yet, the demographic transition model has its difficulties; the model doesn’t show procedures as to how lengthy it takes a country to get from stage 1to stage

The demographic transition model is valid when applied to Djibouti, which is a lower developed stage 2 country, because of the economic, social, and health factors found on the human development index.

Sanitation, even in healthcare facilities, is a problem. In southeast Asia, 42% of healthcare facilities don’t have adequate toilets. In sub-Saharan Africa, 36% of healthcare facilities don’t even have soap

Around the world there are countries like Libya with limited fresh water sources that’s within several hundred kilometers between each other. This alone would be bad enough but, getting the water would be harder for disabled people which makes up fifteen percent of the population (and higher in developing countries). Therefore, there needs to be an efficient system to help countries have opportunities to have clean, safe, water accessible for people of all kinds whether they be disabled, national minorities, poor, or elderly.

Demography is the study of the components of population variation and change. Death rate and birth rate are two determinants of population change. Theory of Demographic Transition is comparatively recent theory that has been accepted by several scholars throughout the world. This theory embraces the observation that all countries in the world go through different stages in the growth of population. A nation's economy and level of development is directly related to that nation's birth and death rates. Population history can be divided into different stages. Some of the scholars have divided it into three and some scholars have divided it into five stages. These stages or classifications demonstrate a

Three demographic indicators of development include, but are not limited to natural increase rate, education level, and infant mortality rate. Natural increase helps determine the level of development of a country because if there is a positive increase rate, it shows that people are living to a reasonable age and children are being born and surviving. Education level determines the future of the country’s economy because if people are more educated the country’s economy most likely will become better. Infant mortality rate helps to determine the level of development in a country because it gives a good representation of the state of the medical facilities in the country and the mother’s need to have multiple children.